Nature and Human

NATURE AND HUMAN Nature and human have always interacted throughout history, and the interaction of the two forces has evolved into a series of demands that people have put on nature to survive and develop. By contrast a minority of people have questioned the state of things and tried to figure out how humanity and nature can interact and develop together, and through their questioning they have come to define their idea as ecological cosmology. To begin with it is important to always start from the word itself, as each and every word has a meaning firstly by itself, and then it can acquire more depth through its use in a given context.Ecological cosmology comes from the Greek ‘oikos' and ‘logos' , these two words define respectively a ‘dwelling place' and a ‘discourse' or ‘intelligible manifestation'. Ecological is something that deals with the environment in which one is, and on what can be said of that environment. Cosmology is instead related to â₠¬Ëœkosmos' or order and its intelligible manifestation, thus it can be said that there is an intelligible order or a logic to how things happen.Ecological cosmology can be seen as the order in which things happen in a given environment, and many versions of it exist, as many people with different backgrounds thought of defining the order of things depending on how themselves and their environment are shaped or are going to be shaped. â€Å"The mythological process deals not only with natural objects, but with the creative potencies whose original product is consciousness itself. So it is here that our expl anation breaks through into objectivity and becomes wholly objective (Shelling, 207). Ecological cosmology has been seen as a mythological force, of creative and positive nature, which comes to define elements of nature, and the perceptiveness of them that people come to have. Talking about nature and ecological cosmology becomes as a result part of a discourse that does not limi t itself on discussing how a myth can come to be seen in nature, but also on the fact that a myth becomes an object that people can see in nature and attribute a representation to it – that can be viewed on how people see and define elements and objects within nature and how these objects happen to effect the relationship of mankind and nature. It is worth noting that no moral cause ever got very far that could not speak to religious conviction, drawing on the deeper sensibilities that guide public opinion even in our more secular era (Scully, pp. 12-13). † Throughout the evolution of mankind, people have gone through different phases of ecological cosmology and at one point or another – ecological cosmology happened to be tied in with Christian principles to be viewed as something more approachable as a way of being within nature, rather than the sole use of nature.For instance at one moment or the other nature has been perceived as an element of God's creations , in which people were to live abiding the rule of God, and using nature to further man's position on earth. It is interesting to see in fact how the evolution of Christianity has put people first as representation of God's will on Earth and then after only at a second time, people have seen nature as something to needy of care.Interestingly enough nature has been for most part of humanity's history the giver in a relationship – care towards it instead has always come at a second time and out of the feeling of guilt rather than respect in a balanced environment, as solely humanity and people have seen balance in the goods generated by nature.It is also worth noting that in times when nature got attention it has been mostly the attention of an intellectual elite, and even in cultural movement such as romanticism – attention to nature and its care have solely been regarded as a pastime, like for example when in the late 1800s the British high society started to find inte rest in gardening and even that has been solely related to an elite status.Intellectuals and elites have been able to move society forward within limits, but sadly those limits haven't been altered too much or challenged even within those circles. Results have been many compared to a level of development that mankind has obtained out of the use of the many fruits of mother nature, it is interesting to point out that those phases of interest in nature have been mostly occurring after intense industrial development's periods – and because of that they have become the hadow after the light of successes of science and scientific research. Yet those phases have brought onto people the harsh reality and needs that follow advancements as those have a price, and results that not only affect increasing social conditions, but also that affect people with challenging bad health conditions and a state of realization to people that at any of hose junctions realize the damages in nature's ecosystems.Furthermore it is interesting to realize how Renaissance, Enlightenment, Romanticism, Impressionism and Expressionism have challenged the status quo on a cultural level. All those cultural, artistic and ‘elitist' movements have allowed men to have a reality check with its contemporary community, and given they all developed a specific code in any given location in which they took place.They have started a constant discourse that has led people to one's realization nature and humanity need to re-balance one another – and the balance to be found is not as easy to come by as it is expected even after constant technical development in both industrial and artisanal methods, the situation people are put in front of holds many challenges, and the biggest one of them involves a change in understanding and dealing with nature all together. erably failed. But he was a humble seeker of Truth. He was a man with exceptional sincerity, honesty and truthfulness. For him, un derstanding meant action. Once any principle appealed to him, he immediately began to translate that in practice. He did not flinch from taking risks and did not mind confessing mistakes. No opposition, scorn or

Business Model Canvas of United States Postal Service Essay

USPS caters the mail and package delivery services to a mass of different customers. It has different variety of services depending on what the customer wants. So customer segments are divided according to the type of services the USPS provides. 1. Individual citizens: The USPS has the first class mail and standard mail that the citizens can use to use to send personal cards, letters, bill payments, etc. Basically anything that is less than 13 ounces can be sent through first class, and is delivered within 2 to 3 days in the contiguous states. First class mail is sealed and protected, while standard mailed is not (standard mail may also receive deferred handling but it is more cost effective for customers). Also package services are provided to send packages more than 70 lbs. 2. Businesses: The USPS also caters to all the mailing needs of businesses. Banks use first class mail for delivery of debit or credit cards, and other confidential information as it is protected and handled properly. Also the standard mail, which is a cost-effective bulk mail class, is used by businesses for mailing advertisements, product samples, etc. and is delivered within 9 to 10 days. Businesses even use package services for delivery of delivery of customer orders. a. These customers include business to consumer delivery (e-commerce) such as Amazon and EBay. 3. Publishers: The USPS has Periodicals, which is a mail class for authorized publishers to send magazines, newspapers, journals, etc. 4. Other mail providers: The USPS has partnered with FedEx and UPS for their â€Å"last mile† mail delivery. Since the cost of delivery in rural areas is high for both FedEx and UPS, they have partnered with the USPS to deliver their mail and packages in areas where the cost for delivery would be higher for them; the USPS delivers about 30. 4% of the ground shipments of FedEx. Besides this, the USPS also offers services as Post Office Box, tracking of the mail etc. It also provides insurance on items shipped to domestic or international areas, if they have a value of above 200 dollars. Value Proposition The mission of the postal service is to provide the nation with reliable, affordable, universal mail service. By law, its basic function is â€Å"†¦ to bind the Nation together through the personal, educational, literary, and business correspondence of the people. It [the Postal Service] shall provide prompt, reliable, and efficient services to patrons in all areas and shall render postal services to all communities. † Affordable Prices: The price of sending a package or mail by USPS is much lower than its competitors. Ubiquitous presence: The Postal Services has large number of offices in the United States making it accessible to almost every customer of the USPS. They have 31,272 retail offices. Reliable service: The Postal Service delivers to 151 million addresses six days a week, and collects outgoing mail and packages at the time of delivery. It provides mailing and shipping services through tens of thousands of postal and non-postal retail outlets as well as usps. com. The USPS provides many different services; First-Class Mail, Standard Mail, Packages and Shipping, International Mail and Periodicals each catering to different needs of their customers. Channels The USPS provides direct delivery to the customer. They have all US addresses and their delivery system is direct, from the sender to the receiver. They are spread out in the entire United States and have huge amount of deliveries every week. The USPS operates over 30,000 Post Offices all over the United States where customers can come to send their packages and mail. Customers can also drop their mail in post boxes located at multiple locations in every town and city. Stamps and postage can be bought at numerous locations such as supermarkets, drug stores and post offices. The USPS also operates a service where the postman can come to pickup a shipment from your house free of charge. USPS also uses traditional advertisements and promotions to reach their customers on a daily basis. Figure 1: USPS’ services (source: USPS Annual Report 2012) Customer Relationships USPS’s customers demand reliable, fast and affordable service and they serve each customer segment in a different way. For individuals, customer service is mainly through sending and receiving letters and packages. For businesses the USPS offers various business solutions such as advertising campaigns, e-commerce solutions and special mass mail business prices. For other mail providers such as FedEx and UPS the USPS provides delivery of their packages both in rural areas and of small packages. For all customers the USPS also offers customer service by phone, online and in Post Offices. The USPS has good brand recognition, most US citizens are aware of the USPS’ services and the â€Å"postman† that comes to every house every day. Therefore the customers expect good service and the USPS uses customer outreach programs, both for individuals and businesses, to get feedback and information about how they can improve their services. According to the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) from June 2013, both FedEx and UPS score higher than the USPS in the Express/Priority Service Mail Sector. Overall the regular mail services of USPS are at a new ACSI high of 77 points.

A Study of Catholicism

When catholic is used as an adjective, it means universal, open or general. I have read art magazines and reviews that have described certain art collections as catholic in its uniqueness. The fact that Catholicism has its root in the word catholic is not a coincidence. In his essay Catholicism: A Synthesis, Richard McBrien says that it is this notion that distinguishes Catholicism from other religions, Christian and non. The notion is that Catholicism is a religion that is based on open-mindedness. McBrien alludes to flags to clearly define his thesis. Many flags of the world share the same three colors. He uses the colors red, white, and blue. The flags for Australia, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Cuba, and France all share the same three colors, yet they are not configured the same way. The flag of the United States has fifty stars and the French flag has three thick bars of color. It is in this way that McBrien relates the flags of the world to Catholicism. The Catholic Church is distinguished from other Christian religions by the configuration of its practices and characteristics. Plagiarism Detection >One instance that I read about in the news recently was about a young girl in England who became pregnant. The girl went to her church and told her priest. The priest then referred the girl to the Cardinal of that area. The twelve-year-old girl comes from a family that can barely afford food and clothes, let alone support a new child. Abortion was obviously not even an issue in this case. The clergy decided it would be best to use church money and support this girl in her pregnancy. This shows openness on the part of the Catholic Church because they could have shunned this twelve year old girl, and ignored her pleas for help. However, they decided to take a risk and help her.An instance in which the church is not so open has to do with homosexuality. I know that the Catholic Church embraces good causes, and finding a cure for AIDS is one. I know of Catholic c hurches that hold fundraising events, awareness seminars and promote AIDS benefits. There is such a thick layer of hypocrisy in this example. The church refuses to acknowledge homosexuals as human beings, yet the homosexual community is hit very hard by the AIDS epidemic. How can they embrace the AIDS cause, yet denounce homosexuality. This is just one instance of non-openness in the Catholic Church. Plagiarism Detection >Christian realism is critical thinking in the context of the Catholic Church. Realists take reality in the context in which it is in history. Christian realism is based on the contexualist outlook on life. Christianity itself is mediated by meaning, says McBrien. McBrien makes a good point when he says, Christian realism also rejects the notion that clear and distinct ideasare equivalent to the real itself. Ideas are never based on solely one thing. That is what is so great about Christian realism. It incorporates the idea of openness into decision making. Critical realism is used in every aspect of the Church. Nothing goes unchallenged, whether it is doctrines, dogmas or canonical directives.Richard McBrien makes some good points in his essay, Catholicism: A Synthesis. He made the reader aware of how open the Catholic church really is. He also makes us aware of Christian realism and how it works in association the Catholic Church. He clearly defines his thesis, that the Catholic Church is defined by the configuration of its characteristics.

Report on the viability of Braeside Distillery Essay

Report on the viability of Braeside Distillery - Essay Example This includes external factors like, an increase in the prices of oil, which has the capability of increasing its fixed costs. On an overall perspective, the company plans at producing and selling 30,000 bottles of Pure Gold, and if all factors remain constant, this is a very profitable initiative. For purposes of determining the viability and profitability of this project, there will be a need of using the concepts of the Break Even analysis. This will help the company to identify the point where the sale and production of Pure Gold will not result to a loss, or even a profit (Epstein, 2011). This point of intersection is called the Break Even point. Before the identification of this point, the following are the assumptions that the company should undertake, By carefully looking at this graph, where total revenue and total cost intercept each other, is the Break Even point. This means that, it is at this point of production, where the company will not make any losses nor any profits (Epstein, 2011). From the calculations and the graphical representation, it is possible to denote that the break-even point is 3980, which is a very low figure. This means that the production and sale of Pure Gold at the conditions identified is a very profitable venture. Furthermore, as previously discussed, the margin of safety of project is very high, which stands at 86.73%. This means that if the sales of the company fall to 86%, the company will still make some profits. One of the major areas where the company is vulnerable to is on the currency fluctuations and value (Epstein, 2011). Currently, the value of the currency stands at 1 pound is equal to 1.28 Euro. However, if the strength of the Euro increases, against the pound, this means that the profitability of the company would decrease. An increase in the strength of the Euro would mean that it trades at a lower price of 1.28 against the pound. Take for example; the current

Information Analysis of Organization Systems Case Study

Information Analysis of Organization Systems - Case Study Example The reliance on $50 million loan with annual $10 million balloon payments is an irrational economic base of trying to solve the business problem. The huge debt will limit the company’s growth for five years. Moreover, the JalupaBook project limits the company’s growth by limiting the funding for other prioritized and more beneficial initiatives like manufacturing plant modernization. Ultimately, the organization system relies on an IT department with inexperienced, junior, incompetent staff to design and implement JalupaBook project. The organization systems could not guarantee a suitable market presence and failed to contain the continued decline of the sale of guitars in the last five years. The company decided to change its organization systems to establish a new market that resonates with the modern musical industry. Yes. The company’s competitors are yet to utilize the integrated ecommerce component that promises immense market returns. The company must establish another market to survive. The proposed organization systems correlate with the modern global trends that embrace social media as a business medium. The project seeks to attract potential new customers through social media activities and connections with prominent guitar players. The project aims at enabling customers to interact through social media and establish a new generation of musicians. The company encounters barriers to entry since it is new in online commerce. The company might lose its traditional customers and conservative advertisers who may not prefer online interactions. The huge imminent debt for implementing the project is not feasible. Moreover, the inexperienced and incompetent IT department will jeopardize the project. The company’s gross margins on guitars and guitar amplifiers stand at 42% that supports the project. The company enjoys the highest net margins in the industry with a convincing

Conflicts In The Island Of The Greater Tunb And Lesser Tunb& The Essay

Conflicts In The Island Of The Greater Tunb And Lesser Tunb& The Island Of Abo Mosa - Essay Example In more recent times, Abu Musa has been developed with the idea of oil exploration and plantations in mind. The soil is better here as is the availability of fresh water. These facts make Abu Musa important geographically even though it is farther from the Strait of Hormuz than the Tunb islands. The history of these islands is long but not very detailed until the modern era. The real reason they are mentioned at all in the histories of various nations surrounding the Persian Gulf is the fact that people have been arguing about their ownership for a very long time. Because Greater and lesser Tunb lie closest to the Persian coast of the Gulf, ownership by Persian and then Iran has always been claimed. The ownership of Abu Musa has been more disputed because by some measurements, it actually lies closer to the Arab shores of the Gulf than it does to the mainland of Iran. Before the arrival of European powers, various tribal chiefs and sultans had claimed all three islands. The arrival o f the British changed the dynamics of power in the Persian Gulf region. Both the British and the Russians worked hard to influence the government of Iran. The British sought to keep a balance of power on the northern shore of the Persian Gulf while they established a series of treaties that would hive the dominion over the southern, Arab shores. The emirates of the Arabian Peninsula signed treaties and letters of understanding with the British that essentially turned over mineral exploration and foreign policy decisions to the British. In 1902, the Iranian government agreed to offer as security for loans from Russia, the rights to control customs and taxation houses in Iran. The Russians outsourced this lucrative business to the Dutch. The British were furious over this development because it gave the upper hand to the Russians in the struggle for control of Iran. As a result the British, claiming to act in the interest of the Trucial States on the Arabian coast, forbade the constru ction of customs houses on Abu Musa and Greater Tunb. This was the first time the British insinuated in any way that the Arab emirates were in control of these islands and that they had the right to forbid the construction of the customs houses (Mehr, 1997). Over the next seventy years, there would be a constant stream of flag raisings and lowerings as various nations claimed Abu Musa, Lesser and Greater Tunb. The British held to their claim that the emirate of Sharjah owned Abu Musa and the emirate of Ras al-Khaimah owned Greater and Lesser Tunb. Iran held steadfast to their claims of ownership based on historical claims. Add to this tension familial claims of ownership that transferred from Iran to various Arab emirates and the exploration for oil by Americans, French and Dutch companies and you get the idea of how chaotic the claims surrounding these islands could be. In December of 1971, the various emirates of the Persian Gulf decided to organize into the United Arab Emirates. This new country, as part of its foundation, laid claims to all of the territory that the individual emirates had before unification. The British withdrew all of their forces upon independence. This included forces they had positioned on Abu Musa, Greater and Lesser Tunb. Just prior to independence, on November 30, 1971, Iranian marines invaded the three islands (Held, 1989).

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Free Trade Essay

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Free Trade - Essay Example It is also because of free trade that multilateral organizations such as the World Trade Organization, North American Free Trade Agreement, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation were formed. Generally, the aim of these formations is to reduce tariffs and to abolish these ultimately in order to remove barriers to free trade. Globalization itself is an offspring of the free trade concept. The objective of globalization is to remove national borders and to have a world economy that is governed not by states but by the abstract laws of the market. However, free trade has been found to have serious flaws too. It may have advantages but its disadvantages are also just as significant. Because of this, the debate on whether it is really good or bad to the economy of a country has been brought to the fore. One camp insists that free trade brings about economic development that would benefit society while the other asserts that it leads to more serious social inequalities and unfair trading pr actices. In order to determine whether it is really beneficial or not, it would be necessary to discuss the advantages and the disadvantages of free trade. By doing so, one can weigh the pros and cons and come up with a conclusion as to whether free trade is generally positive or negative. The Advantages of Free Trade One of the very first points that are often raised regarding the advantage of free trade is related to increased production. In order for a country to trade with others, it is compelled to heighten its production of commodities in which it is specialising in. The premise here is that every country has a comparative advantage. David Ricardo explains that â€Å"a nation was said to possess comparative advantage in those products for which its labour was relatively productive† (Yoffie 1993: 4). If a country has to exchange goods with another it would be compelled to increase its production to equalize the trade. It is through the increase of production that other b enefits and advantages of free trade would follow. Whatever comparative advantage a country may have would be lost though if production is inefficient. One that does not engage in international trade would naturally be less inspired to improve the efficiency of its production. In a world with a free market system though, competition among the traders inevitably becomes intense. Consequently, such competition would prompt the manufacturers or producers not just to enhance the quality of their products but also raise the efficiency of their production. Through better efficiency, more could be produced and less wastage is achieved. If the commodities produced by a particular country are of better quality than those of its competitors, these would gain the advantage in the market. This is obviously good for the economy of the said nation. Improving production efficiency would also prompt technological advances. Apparently, it is only through automation that many types of commodities can be produced in large quantities while raising the level of its quality. With the manufacture of more machines and devices in support of automation, production or the creation of value by a society consequently increases. The two aforementioned advantages of free trade lay the basis for the following other benefits. Free trade is beneficial to the consumers or the buying public in a country that is engaged in it.

Problems of Inside Trading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Problems of Inside Trading - Essay Example Also, their firms as well as those people who have invested in them heavily risk suffering financial ruin. Despite this issue, a number of people raise doubts based on their understanding of insider trading. These doubts usually prompt concern regarding the justice that surrounds the persecution of insider trading as well as the harsh moral judgments that people make regarding insider traders. These doubts prevail while trying to identify the moral wrong that prevails in the case of insider trading (Cohen, 2011). This paper will lay emphasis on the moral problems that are affiliated with insider trading and their influence in stock trading. An argument from the harmful side of insider trading maintains that it is wrong because it causes social harm. In this case, causing harm implies leading to failure to realize optimal social good or social welfare. In the case of a securities exchange, the losers and winners are those people who get bad prices and those who get good prices. When other things are held to be equal, the person who has the best information about what is being sold and bought is in a better position to find appropriate bargains that can allow him to get the best price (Shaub, 2011). While competing against corporate insiders who are in possession of superior information, a person increases the risk of losing. Most ordinary traders usually trade alongside insiders, and thus insider trading later undermines the confidence in the securities market, and thereby deterring investments. This incidence later raises the price that a firm is supposed to pay so as to raise capital and also hinders the economic growth of a society and development of a firm (Strudler, 2009). Most societies have moral reasons to protect themselves from being subjected to this form of economic harm, and the laws that prohibit insider trading provide appropriate protection. In this

Spanish American War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Spanish American War - Essay Example The two interpretations made each side disapprove the rulings that failed to favor their argument (Brinkley 56). This is despite the ruling bodies’ intention which is to correct history and ensure that there will be no similar instances in future or hidden enmity among the states involved. Court and revisionist interpretations have yielded to diverse and conflicting arguments regarding the Spanish American War, where America resulted in justifying its involvement (Nunez 50). The aspect of Cuban humiliation while under Spanish rule prompted unwilling America to be involved in the war. America argued that they were keenly watching the atrocities Spanish rulers were executing in Cuba devoid of considering the welfare of the citizens. Initially, America was unwilling to intervene, but due to constant pleading by its neighbours (Cuba), it had no alternative. According to America, it did not intend to indulge in the war, but their involvement emanated from the sinking of Maine battl eship. This did infuriate the Americans who, due to political influences, forced William McKinley to a revolt. The chance came at an opportune time when they were wishing Cuban freedom from the Spanish dominion, which resulted in the eruption of a severe war. America claimed that its intentions were sincere and meant best for the Cuban citizens (Hernandez 7). Additionally, court interpretation argued that besides America’s humanitarian involvement in the war, it also wanted to support Cuba in attaining independence. This was from the citizen’s early constant plea prior to engaging the Spanish resistance to avenge for the sinking of their battleship. America intended Cuba to cease from being a Spanish colony where, via its naval engagement, managed easily to defeat their opponents, thus making Cubans starting their journey to independence (Hernandez 11).

Projet 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Projet 4 - Essay Example The variances reflected the amount that needed to be earmarked for the vacation in Hawaii, life insurance of children, and the funds needed for the Christmas vacation, as identified under financial goals (Part 1). When these were not yet reflected in the Income and Expenses Statement for September, there was a surplus of $750. However, given that additional savings were needed for the planned expenses, no surplus was therefore reflected for October. Discuss what you learned about the budgeting process from this exercise and whether you feel you need to make any adjustments to your monthly budget. I realized that to finance planned vacations and other financial needs, the family needs to earmark an exact amount per month to save for these projected expenses. As shown from our comparative income and expense statements, the additional savings wiped our any surplus previously reflected. In this regard, in order to have a surplus amount, we should review some financial accounts and make l ittle adjustments in our monthly budget. The budget for food allowance, transportation and miscellaneous could be adjusted to give way for surplus in the future statements. B. Retirement Savings Needs In estimating the retirement savings needs, a quick response to the Ballpark Estimate indicates that â€Å"Based on the assumptions you entered, you have now saved enough to allow you to replace 6 percent of your final wages (this includes income from Social Security). The percentage of total salary you will need to save from now until retirement age to achieve your desired income replacement rate is 140 percent. The dollar amount you will need to save this year is $46,924† (Choose to Save, 2011). Information from the Social Security Online indicated that for Retirement, â€Å"Your estimated monthly benefit amount, beginning at age 62 and 1 month in 2040, is $2,729.00. For your estimate, we assumed future increases in prices or earnings† (Social Security Online, 2011). Th is information indicate that I need to earmark more funds for savings for my retirement. At the current monthly salary being received, the projected monthly benefit from the Social Security is only $2,729, which is below what I currently receive from my salary. Given that I do not need to support our children at that age, I still need to support and sustain daily living needs, including health and medications. C. Revised Goals Worksheet A. Describe the Goal B. Dollar Amount Required? C. Deadline Date? D. Date to Start Saving?   Number of Months to Save? (C - D) Monthly Savings Amount Long term goals: Vacation in Hawaii Retirement Fund $5000 $32,400 Dec. 2012 Jan. 2012 Oct. 2011 Dec. 2038 16 months 324 months $312.50 $100 Intermediate LT Goals Life insurance for the children $3000 Oct. 2016 Oct. 2011 60 months $50 Short Term Goals House fund Christmas vacation Summer

The Consumer Decision Process Essay Example for Free

The Consumer Decision Process Essay 1.Explain the actions and considerations that relate to five stages of the consumer purchase decision process? The action and considerations that related to the five stages of the consumer purchase decision process are (a) Problem Recognition: This is frequently distinguished as the first and most vital advance in the clients choice procedure. A buy cant occur without the acknowledgment of the need. (b) Information search: Having perceived an issue or need, the subsequent stage a client may take is the data look arrange, keeping in mind the end goal to discover what they feel is the best arrangement. This is the purchasers push to look inside and outside business conditions, to recognize and assess data sources identified with the focal purchasing choice. (c) Evaluation of alternatives: As you may expect, people will assess diverse items or brands at this phase on the premise of option item properties – those which can convey the advantages the client is looking for. A factor that vigorously impacts this stage is the clients state of mind. (d) Purchase Decision: The penultimate stage is the place the buy happens. The two components: negative criticism from different clients and the level of inspiration to acknowledge the input. (e) Post-purchase behavior: In brief, clients will contrast items and their past desires and will be either fulfilled or disappointed. In this manner, these stages are basic in holding clients. 2.You will be graduating soon and have been offered what you offered what you consider the job of your dreams. The new position, however, requires some traveling so you will need a car. You currently do not have one. What decision process will you go through to purchase an automobile? Consumer purchase decision process 3.What are the five stages of the organizational buying process? Describe at least three differences from the consumer buying process. (a) Awareness, (b) Specification, (c) Proposals, (d) Evaluation, (e) Order: the three differences between organizational buying process and consumer buying process are (a)Planning: Most buys made by a business are arranged ahead of time, where similar buys may be spur of the moment purchases for a buyer. For instance, a business will design a worker lunch, pick the menu ahead of time and have the request set up to be provided food on a specific day. (b) Decision-making: As a rule, the buyer leader is the individual that at last purchases the item. For instance, the mother of a family may choose to purchase another sandbox for the kids, so she is either the one that goes out to make the buy or is close by with the father to settle on the last decision. (c) Support: Numerous organizations need help contracts when buying certain sorts of things. For instance, if a business buys a copier then the copier may need no less than a three-year guarantee on the item before the organization can finish the buy. 4.Global marketing is affected by economic considerations. Identify the three-step that should be performed when scanning the global marketplace. A sweep of the worldwide commercial center ought to incorporate (1) an appraisal of the monetary foundation in various nations, (2) estimation of buyer salary in various nations, and (3) acknowledgment of a nations cash trade rates. 5.Marketing information consists of secondary and primary data. Define each of these types of marketing information. Give examples of secondary and primary data. Primary data: is valuable data that you uncover and gather yourself through unique research. Expansive organizations ordinarily spend a lot of cash to direct this exploration, procuring claim to fame look into firms or advertising offices. Studies are well known unique research apparatuses and there are a few sorts: phone, mail, Internet and in-person are a few illustrations. Online review instruments give entrepreneurs a reasonable alternative, as long as you comprehend the impediments. Example: researching the internet, newspaper articles and company reports. Secondary Data: is data that another person has just led, however, the outcomes are accessible for others to utilize. A typical case of auxiliary information will be data gathered from the administration statistics. As an entrepreneur, exploit accessible auxiliary data; its more affordable as far as both cash and time, and its measurably solid as long as it isnt excessively old and is from a dependable source, for example, an administration office or significant college. Example: research reports, government reports, censuses, weather reports, interviews, the Internet, reference books, organizational reports and accounting documents. 6.Define product positioning. What are two approaches to product positioning? Give an example of each approach. Product positioning is the process marketers use to determine how to best communicate their products attributes to their target customers based on customer needs, competitive pressures, available communication channels and carefully crafted key messages. Example of product positioning: (a) Head-to-head Positioning; Here and there an item needs to contend specifically with focused brands for a similar target shopper. Normally this is on account of the items are comparable in qualities and benefits, and a great many people need basically similar things. For instance, a pizza eatery may contend no holds barred by touting the freshness of its fixings or the estimation of its cost. It would not bode well for the pizzeria to offer Chinese nourishment in an offer to bait an alternate demographic. (b) Differentiation Positioning; Separation situating is the quest for these new purchasers by presenting highlights or capacities unmistakable from a rivalry. For instance, some fast food advertis ers separate their menus by offering low-fat choices. Shoreline lodgings endeavor to draw in business explorers by including gathering focuses and official administrations. In the event that an organization offers a few brands of one item like oat or cleanser, it might utilize separation situating just to guarantee that its own particular offerings dont contend with each other. 7.Describe the decline stage of the product lifecycle. Explain the two strategies a company might employ if its product were in the decline stage of its product lifecycle. On the off chance that the attributes of the item life cycle stages and their showcasing suggestions are seen legitimately, the item may have made it to the last stage in the PLC: the decline stage. More often than not, the firm will have endeavored to keep the item to the extent that this would be possible in the development arrange. Nonetheless, once the offers of an item begin to fall or benefit can no further be kept up, the decay organize is come to. This does frequently occur because of the market passage of substitute items which fulfill client needs superior to the last item. Example: (a) Contracting out or Selling: Loyal clients of an item can be held when the brand or the rights to create and offer the item are given on to a specialty administrator or by subcontracting. Numerous little firms utilize this procedure since they are sufficiently adaptable to offer the items market a palatable return. Each gathering engaged with this procedure profits by the arrangement: the beg inning firm can arrange gainfully of an item it never again needs, customers can continue purchasing items they want, and the subcontractor or purchaser can pick up the advantages of a brand they would never have set up individually. (b) Milking or Harvesting: When this system is utilized, the item gets just next to zero showcasing support. The firm plans to expand the life of the item while creating the money and the time required to set up new items. Whats more, the moderate decay of the item furnishes the firm with adequate time to change in accordance with the declining income and to discover elective methods for producing pay.

Writing Proficiency Exam Paper Essay Example for Free

Writing Proficiency Exam Paper Essay Many factors can cause stress in our communities. These factors range from the result of violence in schools to the proliferation of social media tools, such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. Stress affects people in different ways. Some ways can drive a community apart while others can bring them together. This paper will provide evidence to show it is possible for communities to take action, adapt to changes in positive ways and reduce stress. Taking Action Action can take many forms. Action can be physical, verbal, or silent. In recent years, protesters took to the streets in opposition to the government bailout of Wall Street. The protesters assumed the name of the 99 Percent. The 99 Percent marched through the streets shouting down the Wall Street bankers, but their main weapon was not the megaphone, it was ‘silent occupation.’ Soon, this action became known as Occupy Wall Street. The goal of the Occupy movement was to show the wealthy bankers that they were not going to get away with their crimes and get a free handout from the taxpayers. As a result, the politicians on Capitol Hill listened and began to implement a wider set of reforms and consumer protections. Communities can accomplish similar changes. One of those ways is to leverage current forms of technology. Social media tools like Twitter have the power to spread news quickly. Community groups can use Twitter to organize grass-root actions, such as marches, and to keep  members connected by quickly sending updates and detailed meeting notes instantly. Recently, a local community organized an effort to force their local government to reinstate a local sheriff who was fired due to their sexual orientation. The local movement shamed the city council and the sheriff was rehired within weeks. Adapt to Changes in Positive Ways It is possible for communities to adapt to stressors in positive ways. In my opinion, a person has the power to choose how they want to react to certain stimulus. So, if an individual has this power, why not a community? For example, if someone were to spit on the local mayor, this technically constitutes an assault. The mayor could call the sheriff and have the man arrested and jailed; however, the mayor could first try to talk with the individual to come to an understanding of the person’s issues. Afterwards, the mayor should have him arrested; otherwise, others may be motivated to follow suit with the spatter. The mayor demonstrated an act of compassion by choosing to talk and mostly likely earned a few points with the constituents. My point is that if one person can adapt positively to factors of stress, a community can choose to take action in positive ways as well. Reducing Stress Turning negative stress into a positive outcome can be challenging but not impossible. Communities can be very complex. One reason is that communities are comprised of many individuals, each with their own thoughts, values, and ethics. If an act of violence were to take place at a local school campus, some individuals might choose to hide and wait it out. However, others may believe the best action is to fight fire with fire and take the to the streets like vigilantes. In my opinion, both of these reactions will lead to a great amount of stress because they are reactions based upon fear. A better way to react would be to put trust in the local authorities. The local authorities are better trained to handle crises. Another way to avoid or reduce stress would be to shut off the television or computer. Turning off these devices would minimize the stress of constant news updates that would only serve elevate fear. Conclusion In closing, this paper set out to address the issues communities face when  faced with negative factors. School violence and stress caused by social media are common issues dealt with across the country. How we choose to react to these issues can affect our local communities for the good or in bad ways. Parents could decide to pull their children out of school. Angry fathers could act out violently and take matters into their own hands. Constructive alternatives are available. The local police department can invest in better infrastructure and communications networks. They can also improve communication with the surrounding communities to build confidence in their ability to respond during emergencies. Communities can build a stronger bond by choosing to look at stressful factors in positive ways and increase their understanding of how they can prepare and respond during periods of high stress.

Has Technology Ruined Family Life?

Has Technology Ruined Family Life? Technology ranges from computers/tablets/phones to the content laced within these devices. Everyone is constantly distracted by their chosen device and even get flustered when asked to put it away. A person spends up to 20 hours on Facebook per week and many of them let other people’s comments affect them – negatively and positively. While simultaneously making our lives easier, technology is rapidly isolating people from the real world. In a sense, technology has ruined family life. Before technology, families would sit around the dinner table to eat or even play games together which is a huge contrast from what they do nowadays. It is a rare occurrence for families to be in the same room while eating and families playing games together is virtually unheard of. Technology does however create a feeling of security as you know where your family is due to phone calls and texts. But what if the family member you’re trying to contact doesn’t answer? You start imagining the worst case scenarios. You panic. You panic so much that you continually bombard them with texts and calls. In reality, they’re busy and can’t answer or just don’t want to. Are children so engrossed in technology that they are missing out on childhood adventures? A number of parents have to coerce their children to go out and play. When I was a kid, I would barely ever be in the house. My parents had to force me to stay in the house to spend time with my family. Technology has a negative affect on children in many different aspects. Children who watch excessive amounts of TV and play too many video games are allegedly more likely to do poorly at school. Reputedly, technology increases the chances of behavioural problems. Many kids are losing sleep due to their minds being overactive and unable to rapidly shut down once they have stopped playing games. Believe it or not, technology is extremely dangerous. The number of people who text while driving is alarmingly high and the number of fatalities this has cause is atrocious. Texting while driving causes 1,600,000 accidents per year and 330,000 injuries per year. Even texting while walking is a danger some people actually think that it is worse than texting while driving. People are so distracted that they may walk into walls, fall down the stairs or step into traffic. A study says the number of people who were killed rose from 4,109 to 4,432 in 2011 as a result of texting while walking. Consequently, people who get distracted by their phone end up walking past where they were meant to be going or step into traffic and end up visiting AE. The content on the internet actually has the capability to ruin people’s lives. Many people are naà ¯ve to the dangers of the internet and believe that they are perfectly safe when signing up for sites such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. People record their lives rather than actually living them. All the photos posted and status updates mean that pretty much everyone knows what is going on in your life. Who needs privacy? Sites like this are also making child grooming more and more common. Many children are oblivious to the fact they are being groomed in the first place, they only realise once it has gone too far. Numerous amounts of people put their personal details on these sites without a second thought then become hysteric when someone they don’t know contacts them. The worst of them all are dating sites. They’re impersonal and a nightmare. How do you know who you’re really talking to? Do you honestly believe that everything you read is the truth ? Dating sites create an air of apprehension and uncertainty as you don’t actually know who you’re going to meet, it could be anyone. Technology has completely changed morning routines. People are checking their phone before they even move from their beds. Once they actually make it out of their beds, they get ready for the day but they’ve always got their phone in eyesight. Many teens end up being late for school or work because they’re too distracted by their devices which results in them having less time to get ready. The majority of them have to post a ‘selfie’ before they leave the house which takes them at least 10 minutes due to the fact that they take multiple pictures then skim through them picking and choosing which ones they like and which ones they don’t. Many older people post a status complaining about work before they leave and then worry that someone from their work will actually see it so they delete it or they waste time going through their friends to make sure no one from their work is on the list. What’s the point in wasting their time doing that when the y could just not post anything in the first place? Technology makes us ungrateful and competitive. The majority of people purchase a new device but never think that it is that great. If a page doesn’t load we snap and whinge about how horrific the device is. As new devices come out, we expect them to be more extravagant and pleasing. We want them to exceed expectations and when they don’t, we are outraged. We post pictures of our lives on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram to update people on what we’re doing but get envious when we see that people are engaging in activities more fascinating than ours. Technology can ruin our relationships with friends and even family. Even though it is easier to connect with loved ones who are in a different country, our jealousy overpowers any other feeling when we see how great their life is in the sun while we’re stuck in the rain. Technology has made our lives easier but as a consequence it has made us lazy. Who needs to get out of bed and get dressed when you can lie there all day and watch Netflix? Many people are missing out on social occasions because they spend all day watching the latest TV series or films. With all the gaming gadgets that are available nowadays, many people are barely ever stepping out of their houses unless it’s unavoidable. Likewise people are googling everything. â€Å"How to tie a tie† gets over 500,000 searches per month and more than 1,000 people even search â€Å"how to boil water.† To conclude, technology has changed many aspects of our lives both negatively and positively but the negatives definitely outweigh the positives. We have all become isolated, lazy and oblivious to the dangers we face when using these devices. Everywhere we go, technology surrounds us. We can’t escape it, but should we embrace it all the time? I think not. Bibliography http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/jan/19/tim-too-much-technology http://www.thewire.com/technology/2012/08/technology-doesn’t-ruin-our-lives-we-do/55300/ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/mobile-phones/10336750/Mobile-phones-destroying-peoples-private-lives.html

The 1918-1919 Influenza Epidemic Essay -- The Great Influenza Pandemic

â€Å"I made money rapidly,† Charles Sligh explained, â€Å"The demands for flowers frequently were so great that all the florists in this community exhausted their supply daily, and the prices of everything were very high then.†1 Along with florists, funeral directors, and orderlies were also making a killing during World War One. â€Å"The undertaker which was half a block away from me had pine boxes on the sidewalk, pilled high. Me and two of my friends would go down there and play on those boxes; it was like playing on the pyramids.†2 Although business was booming for these professions, it was not because of the war. It was the result of an unexpected killer that swept across the world claiming victims at an unprecedented rate. The 1918-1919 influenza pandemic stretched its lethal tentacles all over the globe, even to the most remote areas of the planet, killing fifty million people or possibly even more. Influenza killed more people in a year than the Black Death of the Middle Ages killed in a century, and it killed more people in twenty-four weeks than AIDS has killed in twenty-four years.3 Influenza normally kills the elderly and infants, but this deadly and abnormal strand claimed young people, those in their twenties or thirties as its target victims. Such was the case for Jules Bergeret. Jules was a â€Å"big, strapping man† who owned a tavern during the epidemic, and on December 11 he celebrated his 32 birthday. Within two weeks Jules, his mother, his sister, and his 25 year old wife all fell victim to the flu, and on December 22 he was dead.4 The virus left victims bleeding out of their nose ears and mouth; some coughing so hard that autopsies would later show that abdominal muscles an d rib cartilage had been torn. Victims ... ...: A Survey, (1927) John. M. Barry, The Great Influenza, The Story of the Deadliest Pandemic in History (New York: Penguin, 2004), 179 â€Å"Gauze Masks for men on port keep Flu away,† Stars and Stripes, November, 1, 1918. Nancy K. Bristow, American Pandemic, The Lost Worlds of the 1918 Influenza Epidemic (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 193 John. M. Barry, The Great Influenza, The Story of the Deadliest Pandemic in History (New York: Penguin, 2004), 171 Nancy K. Bristow, American Pandemic, The Lost Worlds of the 1918 Influenza Epidemic (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 156 Anne A. Colon, â€Å"Experiences during the Epidemic,† The American Journal of Nursing (1919): 607 â€Å"Spanish Influenza†, Journal of the American Medical Association 71(8):660 Katherine Anne Porter, Pale Horse, Pale Rider (United States: The Modern Library, 1936), 255

Censorship: Freedom Or Suppression ? :: essays research papers

Censorship: Freedom or Suppression ? Government censorship can be looked at as a blessing or an unneeded burden. I personally feel that all censorship is completely unnecessary and should be found unconstitutional. It is the countless moral views that bring no right answer for what should and should not be censored. I know that the governments version of censorship varies greatly from mine, just as mine does from a world wide view.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The citizens of the United States are living in a pure democracy that has given us all first amendment rights. This alone should mean that their should be no government intervention on a code of ethics or morality. This should mean that we as citizens should be allowed complete freedom of our own choices. Our government was set up to make laws and to keep our society in order. They were doing a fine job until they started making decisions for us on what is or isn't decent. The most recent example of this is the Communication Decency Act of 1996(Located in the Telecommunications Act Of 1996). This act more or less states that the Internet should be censored and be given restrictions. The first issue this brings up is who owns the Internet. No one really owns it because it is really thousands of computer networked together. The main backbone of the Internet was originally made up of government funded universities and other government institutions. However that is no longer the case. Now the majority of the Internet is run and operated by independent services and everyday citizens. The Internet is a modern day symbol of the freedom of speech we have in our society. The government has no right to tell us what we can and can not do in our homes. No one is forcing anyone to go to any specific area of the Internet for anything. These are all choices made with our own free will. I feel that the government is clearly violating the fine line between church and state. The Job of the church is to keep up moral and ethical standards in our world. Obviously the government got the wrong job description for clearly they are violating the trust they have in the Church doing its job.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I know that if they put me in charge of censorship things would be a lot different from how they are today. The first step I would make would be censoring all Ex-lax and Imodium D commercials. I find it extremely peculiar that these commercials always seem to appear right during dinner.

Prions: A Novel Infectious Pathogen Essay -- Medicine Medical Illnesse

Prions: A Novel Infectious Pathogen Prions are novel, transmissible pathogens that differ from viroids, viruses, parasites, fungi, and bacteria, both with respect to the diseases they cause and their structure . They are capable of causing degenerative diseases of the centra1 nervous system both in animals anal in humans. Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob’s disease (CJD) and Gerstmann-Straussler-Sheinker’s (GSS) syndrome illustrate the acquired, sporadic, and genetic manifestation of the -human prion diseases. These transmissible pathogens also cause Scrapie of sheep and goats. Bovine spongiform enphalopathy,(BSE) in cows and transmissible mink encephalopathy, and chronic wasting disease (CWD) of captive mule deer and elk which are thought to result from the ingestion of Scrapie infested animal products (Pruisner, 1991). In addition to these diseases, certain neuropathological changes associated with scrapie disease seem to correlate well with similar changes observed in Alzheimer’s patients (Duguid 1989). T hese similarities have been attributed to similar alterations in gene expression in both of the diseased states (Duguid, 1989). First, in addition to the unique diseases that they cause, prions also exhibit certain novel molecular and structural properties which further differentiate them from other infectious pathogens. The unusual biological properties were first unraveled through experiments performed on scrapie -infested sheep. The isolated scrapie agent from these sheep seem to exhibit certain unusual properties. One such property is the scrapie-agents resistance to nuclease digestion. After being subjected to several rounds of digestion with various nucleases including micrococcal nuclsase, nuclease - P, and deoxyribonucl... ...60-7264.(a) 7. Gabzion, R., McKinley, M. P., Groth, D., Westaway, D., DeArmond, S. J., Carlson, G. A., Prusiner, S. B. (1989) Immunoaffinity purification and neutralization of scrapie prions. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 317: 583-600. 8. Hsiao, K., Zeev, M., Kahana, E., Cass, C., Kahana.. I., Avrahemi, D., Scarlato, G.. Abramsky, O., Prusiner, S. B., and Gabizon, R. (1991) Mutation of the Prion Protein in Libyan Jews with Creutzfeldt-Jakob’s disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 324: 1091-1097. 9. Prusiner, S. B. (1991) Molecular Biology of Prion Disease. Science, 252: 1515-1522. 10. Prusiner, S. B. (1982) Novel proteinaceous infectious particles cause scrapie. Science,216: 136-144. 11. Stahl, N. and Pruisner, S. B. (1991) Prions and prion proteins. FASEB J., 5: 2799—2807. 12. Weissmann, C. (1991) A unified theory of prion propagation. Nature., 352: 679-683.

Criminal Liability Essay

In law there is a fundamental principle which is guaranteed by the constitution that every person is innocent until proven to be guilty by the courts of law, in criminal law there are two principles of criminal liability which have to be relied upon in order to determine the guilt or innocence of the accused person. Therefore the aim of this essay is to discuss the two principles of law for criminal liability with reference to the Penal Code Act, Chapter Eighty Seven (87) of the Laws of Zambia and Zambian decided cases. In order to effectively do this, the essay will begin by generally talking about the two principles of law for criminal liability which are the â€Å"Actus reus† and the â€Å"mens rea† and in order to critically discuss them, focus will be made on the Homicide offence of ‘murder’ with the use of relevant Zambian cases. The terms ‘Actus reus’ and ‘Mens rea’ are derived from the Latin Maxim; â€Å"Actus non facit re um mens sit rea† which mean that there cannot be such a thing as legal guilt where there is no moral guilt. The learned author Simon E Kulusika defines ‘Actus reus’ as â€Å"whatever act or omission or state of affairs as laid down in the definition of the particular crime charged in addition to any surrounding circumstances†¦and the ‘mens rea’ as the state of mind or fault which is required in the definition of the crime in question† In order for a person to be criminally liable it has to be proved by the prosecution beyond reasonable doubt that such a person had committed the required guilty act or ‘actus reus’ which is the physical element and had the necessary mental state or ‘mens rea’ although this is not always the case as some criminal offences do not require the ‘mens rea’ for liability to be established. Some of the cases which do not require establishment of the ‘mens rea’ are offences referred to as â€Å"offences of strict liability†. In Patel’s Bazaar limited v The People4 it was stated that proof of the ‘mens rea’ is not necessary to establish a strict liability offence, this was a case in which the accused was convicted for the strict liability offence of selling unwholesome bread. Generally speaking in criminal law in order to establish criminal liability certain elements of the crime alleged to have been committed must be identified, the first being the conduct prohibited or ‘actus reus’, secondly the state of mind or fault element which is required when defining the crime in question also referred to as ‘mens rea’ and thirdly proof of lack of a defence which might vitiate any of the two  principles of criminal liability. As earlier alluded to, for the purposes of this assignment focus will be put on the homi cide offence of Murder in trying to discuss these two principles of law of criminal liability. To establish the ‘actus reus’ of murder it has to be proved that there is unlawful killing of a person, the death following within a day and a year of the infliction of the fatal injury,  this is evident in Section 200 of our Penal Code Act 6 which provides; Any person who of malice aforethought causes the death of another person by an unlawful act or omission is guilty of murder. In this section the ‘actus reus’ is identified as causing death of another person by an unlawful act or omission and the ‘mens rea’ is the malice aforethought. In Chitenge v The People it was held that the actus reus of murder is that there is a dead body, in this case the appellant having had fought with his friend went to the friend’s house and set it on fire burning a person that was inside leading to the death of that person. The dead burnt body sufficed as ‘actus reus’ despite the defendant not actually having had checked as to whether there was a person in the house or not. Coming to the ‘mens rea’, the requirement is that the accused person must have malice aforethought. The term malice aforethought is used to describe the mens rea of murder and it simply means that the mens rea must not come as an afterthought. In the case of Mbomena Moola v the people, the appellant was convicted of murder of his father after he poisoned his maheu drink. In his confession the appellant stated that he poisoned his father so that he could die because he believed that he was the one who bewitched his children. In this case the courts held that it was quiet clear that the accused had the necessary mens rea for murder as he expressly intended on causing death of his victim. Taking into consideration the facts given in the question where the accused is charged with murder in which the mens rea is that the accused must be malice aforethought and the actus reus being the death which is satisfactory in this case, it is worth noting that where offences complained of happened during participation in a sport, the accused cannot be held to be criminally liable as in law it is believed that when participants to a sporting game give consent they do so to all the risks of injury that may take place as a result of accidents that may take place during the sport including death. Therefore applying the two principles of law of criminal liability to the given facts it can be stated that though  the actus reus was present, that is the death of Mr Mudenda, Mr Chisolo lacked the necessary mens rea to be convicted for murder and can also not be convicted of manslaughter due to the fact that the death or actus reus was as a result of an accident in a sport of which consent by the participants vitiates criminal liability. In conclusion it can be stated that this essay has identified two principles of law of criminal liability which are the ‘actus reus’ and the ‘mens rea’. It has being discussed that the ‘actus reus’ refers to whatever act or omission or state of affairs as laid down in the definition of the particular crime charged in addition to any surrounding circumstances and an example was given in the offence of murder. The ‘mens rea’ with reference to murder was also discussed as the state of mind or fault which is required in the definition of the crime in question and that criminal liability cannot be inferred if the offence complained of took place during the occurrence of a sport as consent vitiates it. BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS Kulusika S. E, Criminal law in Zambia; text, cases and materials: UNZA press. Lusaka. 2006 Sir Smith J and Hogan B, Criminal law; Cases and materials, sixth edition: Dublin & Edinburgh. Butterworth. 1996 CASES Chitenge v the people (1996) ZR 37 Mbomena Moola v the people (2000) ZR 148 SC STATUTES The Penal Code Act, Chapter 87 of the laws of Zambia.

Massage Therapy Proven Beneficial Health And Social Care Essay

Massage can be used in assorted signifiers to excite and loosen up. Physical and psychological benefits have been used throughout history and are used to handle conditions. The curative touch has led to its usage as a holistic intervention. Massage is the use of superficial beds of musculus and connective tissue to advance relaxation and wellbeing. Massage involves moving on and pull stringsing the organic structure with force per unit area. The mark tissues include musculuss, sinews, ligaments, tegument, articulations and any other connective tissue every bit good as lymphatic vass or any variety meats of the GI system. There are over 80 different recognised massage modes and the most cited grounds for presenting massage as therapy have been client demand and sensed clinical effectivity. Rubing parts of the organic structure is a natural and natural manner to alleviate hurting and uncomfortableness. This inherent aptitude was likely led to most signifiers of massage. The first to be developed was the sense of touch and it is indispensable to our growing as human existences. Massage can be used to excite or loosen up. McDonald and Goldberg ( 1996:72-89 ) insist that throughout its history it has been used for both its physical and physiological benefits and is used to handle a scope of conditions from both emphasis and position related to concerns, abdominal, pelvic, musculus and back hurting either a consequence from specific hurts like falls, athleticss and auto accidents or merely general hurting. The curative touch has led to its usage as a holistic intervention, one that treats the organic structure and head as a whole. The word ‘massage ‘ is thought to be deprived either from the Arabic for ‘press quietly ‘ or from the Greek for ‘knead ‘ , massage interventions has been passed down through centuries for 1000s of old ages. In ancient China over five thousand old ages ago there was a system of massage and exercising in usage, it is about certain that most races used massage and exercising in one signifier or another dating as far back as the prehistoric ages of adult male. Peoples of ancient civilizations in Persia, Japan and Egypt practised the art of massage for decorative intents and besides found out that they all gained curative effects when they rubbed oils and aromas into their organic structure to fancify their tegument. Around 500BC the Grecian historian Herodotus applied exercisings and massage on the intervention of disease rules about the technique of rubbing that began to be formulated. Massage was directed off from the bosom and the force per unit area was varied during the intervention. It would get down with being soft and so it becomes deeper and quicker and ends easy. In the big metropoliss of Greece, acrobatic Centres were set up where pupils and philosophers could run into to discourse doctrine and attend talks while bathing and exerting at the same clip. Hippocrates, the male parent of medical specialty about 380BC truly merely used massage for the intervention of hurts and diseases, he found that it was more good if friction was done towards the bosom during the intervention although the circulatory system was non understood so. From his accent on force per unit area application he discovered the physiological effects of massage that are accepted today. During 130-200AD a celebrated phy sician during the Roman epoch called Galen experimented in physiology and discovered that arterias were filled with blood, non air as antecedently believed. He varied the way of massage and besides greatly believed in handling hurts and diseases with it. During the fifteenth, 16th and 17th centuries, Switzerland, France, Italy, Prussia and England produced several celebrated sawboness and doctors who began one time once more to utilize massage intervention for hurts and diseases. The old nomenclature of massage remained but new words were introduced such as force per unit area, working and uses. From the terminal of the 18th century a great resurgence in massage began. Many governments wrote and expounded their theories on the topic, one extremist advocated that massage should be performed with great force and they all had different thoughts about the nomenclature, force per unit area, rate, beat and any medium such as oil or pulverization that can be used, the place of the patient and the continuance of the intervention. In the early 19th century Peter Henry Ling of Sweden made the most dramatic part to rub down at this clip. His influence spread throughout Europe and America, he realised that it was of import to get certain cognition of anatomy and physiology before using massage interventions. He created a manner of intervention to advance wellness by increasing blood circulation and exciting the organic structure ‘s curative abilities. It is known that Ling ‘s greatest influence came from a Chinese friend who was a maestro of soldierly humanistic disciplines and Chinese Tui Na massage. A Dutch practician names Johan Georg Mezgar subsequently developed a decreased set of Ling ‘s techniques to organize our modern manner of Swedish massage ; it is Mezgar who adapted the Gallic names normally used to bespeak the basic shots. Doctor Mezgar helped to set up massage as a reputable agencies of intervention by ordering it widely and rehearsing it himself. In 1894 a group of adult females joined together to organize a society of trained masseuses in order to seek to raise the repute and criterion of massage in this state. Although massage in physical therapy had reached a high criterion it seemed as though there was an pressing demand to raise the criterion in the beauty industry. Harmonizing to Jenkins, Massage of kernel ( 2006 ) , the term holistic comes from the Grecian word ‘Holos ‘ which means whole. The holistic attack takes the individuals whole organic structure into history. The intervention takes an consequence on the organic structure originating from environment, psychological science and nutrition. Holistic massage dainties each individual separately in context of their ain life, it enables the individual to better and command their wellness, and it ever keeps the rule of handling the organic structure, head and psyche as one. Holistic massage is about looking at the causes of tenseness and working with the whole organic structure to assist reconstruct the whole organic structure ‘s natural interior balance. The attack with holistic massage is based around oil-based Swedish massage ( effleurage, petrissage and percussion ) Massage as a holistic intervention takes into consideration the physical, mental, religious and environmental fortunes of a individual having a massage intervention, this means that the intervention should be different for each individual. Massage benefits the organic structure because of the particular techniques it involves. The motions and steadfast force per unit area affect all systems in the organic structure, including soft tissues such as musculuss and ligaments and besides nervousnesss and secretory organs. When the force per unit area is applied in motions to your musculuss it is in melody with the natural flow of blood back to your heat. Massage is one of the best known counterpoisons for emphasis ; cut downing emphasis gives you more energy. It improves your mentality on life and reduces your likeliness of unwellness and hurt. It can besides alleviate symptoms of conditions that are aggravated by anxiousness. There are psychological and physiological effects of massage, which some of them are:PsychologicalEncourages the head and organic structure Concentration and watchfulness is frequently improved due to relaxation Emotional effusions Energy degrees are increased Addition in assurance and positive mentality Promotes a feeling of increased wellness and well-being Reduces emphasis degrees Increases the clients feeling of being cared for, supported and nurturedPhysiologicalAids general relaxation Stimulates blood circulation Helps better lymphatic flow Reduces muscular tenseness Layers of the tegument are stimulated which increases cellular map and regeneration of cells Reliefs stiffness in the cervix and shoulder ensuing in hurting alleviation Loosens scar tissue Warms the musculuss Nerve terminations are soothed and stimulated Aidss in peeling bettering the texture of the tegument Softens fatso sedimentations Helps cut down non medical puffiness Encourages deeper take a breathing to a more relaxed external respirationEffectss on the skeletal systemImproves muscle tone and balance Reduces the physical emphasis placed on articulations and castanetss It helps to liberate adhesions Additions joint mobility, cut downing any thickener of the connective tissueEffectss on the Muscular systemReliefs muscular stringency, stiffness, limitations and cramps in the musculus tissue Additions flexibleness in the musculuss Additions blood circulation Reduces musculus weariness and tenderness Promotes rapid remotion of waste and toxins from the musculusEffectss on the lymphatic systemReduces oedema Additions lymph drainage Strengthens the immune systemEffectss on the Nervous systemStimulates centripetal receptors Reduces hurting by the release of endorphins Stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system Promotes relaxation Reduces emphasisEffectss on the cardiovascular systemImproves circulation Dilates blood vass Produces an enhanced blood flow Helps temporarily diminish blood flow Decreases bosom rate due to relaxation Reduces ischaemiaEffectss on the tegumentImproves circulation Increased nutrition to the cells and encourages cell regeneration Additions production of perspiration from the perspiration secretory organs Improves snap on the tegument Additions sebum production Helps better the teguments colour Helps to better the teguments lissomeness and opposition to infectionEffectss on the digestive systemAdditions vermiculation in the big bowel Helps to alleviate irregularity Promotes the activity of parasympathetic nervous system. Which stimulates digestionEffectss on the urinary systemAdditions circulation and lymph drainage from the tissuesEffectss on the respiratory systemSlows down the rate of respiration Improves lung capacity by loosen uping stringency in the respiratory musculuss Massage uses specific techniques such as effleurage, petrissage, working and tapotement ; these treat the soft tissues of the organic structure. Motions are chiefly towards the bosom so it can better blood and lymph circulation, every bit good as to cut down musculus tenseness and to promote flexibleness. The massage techniques have certain effects to the organic structure which are:EffleurageComforting consequence on the nervousnesss including relaxation Additions both blood and lymph circulation Tension alleviation, loosen uping tense musculuss Helping peelingPetrissageAdditions blood and lymph circulation Increases venous return Breaks down tenseness nodules Aidss relaxation Speeds up the remotion of waste merchandisesTapotementAidss sulky clashs Tones and strengthens musculuss Helps loosen mucous secretion in thorax conditions Produces erethyma Stimulates nerve terminationsClashsHelps to interrupt down tight nodules Aidss in relaxation Additions lymph and blood flowVibrationsClears and stimulates the nervousnesss tracts Reliefs tenseness in the cervix and dorsum Can assist increase the action of lungs Helps to increase vermiculation in the colonIndiaIn India massage therapy was licensed in March 1955 by the section of Ayurveda, yoga and naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and homoeopathy under the ministry of wellness and household public assistance.ChinaIn china many of the smaller massage parlors are foreparts for harlotry. These are called falangmei. Most types of massage are non regulated in China without the exclusion of some traditional Chinese medical specialty.JapanIn Japan oil and Thai massage are non regulated but shiatsu massage is cocottes presenting as massage healers are reasonably common in the larger metropoliss ; they pose in manner wellness stores and pink salons.FranceIn order to acquire a licence it requires three old ages of survey and two tests.South KoreaIn South Korea, merely visually- impaired and unsighted people can go accredited massage healers.New ZealandIn New Zealand, massage is unregulated. The professional organic structure for massage healers and the enrol lment at the remedial massage healer denotes competence in the pattern of remedial or orthopedic massage ; these are two degrees of enrollment of massage in New Zealand. Both degrees are defined by in agreement minimal hours and competences.MexicoMassage healers in Mexico combine massage utilizing oils or lotions, the healers are called †sob adores † and they are used to alleviate digestive jobs every bit good as back and articulatio genus hurting. Many of these healers work from the dorsum of a truck and in many parts of Mexico cocottes are allowed to sell sexual massage. This concern is frequently confined to a specific country of Mexico such as zonte norte.Client CareWhen you give a massage intervention to a client appropriate attention for that client involves sing all their demands associating to the massage. Client attention involves practical stairss you take to care for the client ‘s well- being before, during and after the intervention. A clean and unagita ted ambiance will assist the client to experience more comfy and relaxed, and to besides concentrate on the individual acquiring a massage throughout the whole intervention.Client ModestyA client ‘s privateness and modestness must be respected at all times during and after the intervention. You need to merely expose the organic structure portion that gets treated one by one. Clients need privateness in which to undress, besides any notes made during and after the intervention must be locked up firmly afterwards. A audience must be done where no organic structure else can hear it.Client ConfidentialityDuring a intervention anything the client says must be regarded and should non be discussed outside the intervention room or to any other healer. If advice is needed from another healer to come on clients needs so it should be understood from the other healer that it maintains the confidentiality other than that the clients permission is needed to make so.Health and safetyThe well ness and safety Torahs are designed to protect the healer and their clients and punishments for conflicting these Torahs can be terrible, therefore it is extremely of import that the healer high spots their duties and their rights. The wellness and safety at work act 1974 covers all facets of wellness, safety and public assistance at work. It indentifies the duties of the employers and employees. Employers are responsible for the wellness and safety to anyone who comes into their premises. They must supply a safe environment and personal protection. They must take sensible safeguards to protect the wellness and safety of themselves, co-workers and clients.Cite survey ; Massage eases AnxietyKaren J.Sherman, a senior research worker at the group wellness research institute ( 2010 ) states that on mean three months after having 10 massage interventions, patients had half the symptoms for anxiousness. Massage therapy is among the most popular complimentary and alternate medical intervention for anxiousness. A test began to asses how effectual massage is for patients with an anxiousness upset. The test was assigned 68 group wellness patients with a upset to Sessionss in a pleasant and restful environment. Massage healer ‘s delivered their interventions of massage or one of two control interventions. The massage interventions were designed to heighten the map of the nervous system and to alleviate symptoms of anxiousness including musculus tenseness. The control groups were relaxation and thermotherapy. Anxiety upset can be treated besides through medical specialty therapy which is medical and cost effectual. The benefits of massage may be due to a general relaxation response. The massage therapy reduces stress endocrines and epinephrine and increases the relaxation of alpha encephalon moving ridges and besides reduces anxiousness degrees where as the negative consequence is that massage is to be no more effectual than simple relaxation with comforting music. The results of this survey is that Massage easing anxiousness is seeking to turn out that it is n't merely a massage that can assist with anxiousness ; there are other ways of assisting such as sitting in a unagitated environment listening to comforting music. It shows that massages decreases the symptoms of anxiousness and can besides be less expensive.

Hamlet Essay

Hamlet is unique in its revenge genre as it has more than one revenge plots occurring within it. The Dominating one is of Hamlet and his desire to avenge his Father by killing his uncle. Throughout the play we see Hamlet in ideal situations to carry out his revenge, but choosing not to do so. In Act III Scene II we see Hamlet using the play that has been set up to try to test the innocence of his Uncle and king by gauging his reaction to a staging of the events of how he supposedly murdered Hamlets father. In this scene we see the so called ‘Mousetrap’ being played out as Hamlet witnesses Claudius reaction to the play and witnesses his reaction, from this he draws accurately that Claudius is guilty. He has confirmed the ghosts message as true, ‘O good Horatio I’ll take the ghost’s word for a thousand pound,’ and has from that found his resolve and is now fully willing to avenge his father by killing Claudius. From Claudius sudden exit ‘The king rises’ and his poor reason for doing so ‘Give me light. Away! ’ it leaves Hamlet and the audience fairly certain of Claudius guilt. This leads us to disagree that Hamlets methods of enacting revenge are ineffective as the ‘Mousetrap’ was very successful for Hamlet in finding his resolve and evidence for him to exact his revenge. To some extent though the Mousetrap was only effective for Hamlet as it convinced him that of Claudius’ guilt but it doesn’t wholly convince the audience and possibly Horatio, as we can see from Horatio’s lack of enthusiasm and joy but instead simply agreeing with Hamlet on what he saw not what he has drawn from it; ‘Hamlet: Upon the poisoning, Horatio: I did very well note him’. He like the reader, the queen and other members of the court will more likely to assume that it was Hamlet’s incessant taunting and insults that has disturbed the King and caused him to leave it in such a manner. The intended audience of this play which was a late Tudor/early Stuart one also may be more drawn to it as the idea of killing a brother, or uncle such as Hamlet intends, as one of the greatest atrocities of which man was capable which comes, like revenge, from the Romans, and may be more hesitant to accept that someone in such a position of power and noble birth should be incapable of. Also it seems far more likely that it is Hamlets taunts that has caused the kings unrest as the Mousetrap does not provide solid evidence of Claudius’ guilt and that it is more a dramatic imperative that Claudius is guilty of killing Hamlets father as otherwise the play would not fit the criteria of its genre and lead it on to a far cry from what is intended. From this we can see that Hamlet’s methods are ineffective but they have to be correct for the play to carry on. In Act III Scene we see Hamlet finding himself in an ideal situation to carry out his revenge, he has just discovered that Claudius is guilty of murdering his father and now has Claudius alone and unaware; prime for the kill. However Hamlet for some reason stays his blade, and chooses that this type of revenge is not for him, either a clash between his Christian ideals of ‘do unto others as done to you’ and his Renaissance Roman ideals of revenge. Somehow this culminates in Hamlet seeing this revenge as not being up to scratch as he sees it as leading to Claudius forgiveness in the eyes of God, ‘To take him in the purging of his soul, when he is fit and seasoned for passage? ’ Hamlet’s choice to not kill Claudius here leads to his own death as well as the needless death of all the other characters, it also shows how his methods of enacting revenge are ineffective as he was basically given Claudius on a silver platter but refused to kill him due to his ideals contradicting his desires. One can see Hamlets actions during the final scene to show his methods of revenge as being very effective. After witnessing the death of his mother and Laertes confessing to Hamlet about what Claudius has done, ‘The King, the King’s to blame. ’ Hamlet wastes no time in avenging his mother as he forces Claudius to finish the poison, ‘Here, thou incestuous, murderous, damned Dane, Drink off the potion. This also could suggest that Hamlet’s previous delays in enacting his revenge were based only on non-conclusive evidence which in such a mind as Hamlets could very easily have manifested itself into doubt about what he had to do. But finally having conclusive concrete evidence of Claudius Hamlet does not delay in slaying him. Hamlets ability to carry out revenge seems to depend greatly on the presence of his mother and whether she is involved. We can see that when Hamlet is sent to speak with his mother after the Overall we can see in this that Hamlets methods of enacting revenge seem rather dependant on his state of mind, whether he is thinking rationally with a level head which leads to him procrastinating and overthink and subsequently be ineffective, or if his he is enraged, forced to react quickly, or spurned on by the presence of his mother whose presence infatuates and aggravates him. Overall though one must admit that Hamlet did in fact manage to kill Claudius which means to some extend are effective though not greatly as in doing so it lead to the deaths of almost all of the main characters in this play. Had Hamlet been more like his Fortinbras, who can be seen as a foil character, then he would have reacted upon learning immediately of Claudius guilt and slew him whilst he prayed but instead Hamlet delayed it and led to a more ineffective method of revenge.

Cola Wars Continue: Coke and Pepsi in 2006 Essay

Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola have a long history of intense competition since 1950. Besides the CSD (carbonated soft drink) consumption rise, it brought both Coke and Pepsi enjoyed significant revenue growth. In 2004, CSD has 52.3% of total US Liquid Consumption. Coke and Pepsi had 22.1% and 14.4% in Net profit/sales respectively. There are four major participants involved in the production and distribution of CSDs: 1. Concentrate Producers (Coke, Pepsi, and others)). They blended raw material ingredients, packaged the mixture, and shipped to the bottlers. They have large number of employees located in bottler site to support sales efforts, set standards, and suggest operational improvements. They negotiated with the bottlers’ suppliers to achieve reliable supply, fast delivery, and low prices. 2. Bottlers (CCE, PBG, and others). They purchased concentrate, added carbonated water and sweetener, bottled or canned the product, and delivered it to customers. The number of bottlers had fallen from more than 2000 in 1970 to fewer than 300 in 2004, especially after Coke and Pepsi did bottler consolidation and spin-off as part of plan to refranchise bottling operation. Coke built Coca-Cola Enterprise (CCE) and Pepsi formed Pepsi Bottling Group (PBG) as their main bottlers. 3. Retail Channels. They consist of supermarket (32.9%), fountain machines (23.4%), vending machines (14.5%), mass merchandisers (11.8%), convenience stores and gas stations (7.9%), and others (9.5%). Pepsi focused on sales through retail outlets, and Coke dominated fountain sales. Both Coke and Pepsi entered fast-food restaurant business in order to have exclusive sales territory on the restaurant chains. 4. Suppliers. Concentrate producers needs caramel coloring, phosphoric/citric acid, natural flavors, and caffeine from suppliers. Bottlers also need to purchase packaging (cans, plastic bottles and glass bottles), and sweeteners. Coke and Pepsi establish stable long-term relationships with their suppliers and their bottlers’ suppliers. Chronology of the Cola Wars: * 1950s: Pepsi introduced â€Å"Beat Coke† motto. Pepsi introduced 26-ounce bottle, targeting family consumption. Coke stayed with its 6.5-ounce bottle. * 1960s: Pepsi launched new slogan, â€Å"Pepsi Generation†. By focusing on the younger population Pepsi narrowed Coke’s lead to a 2-to-1 margin. Pepsi had larger and more modern bottling facilities. Both groups started adding new soft drink brands. * 1970s: Pepsi Challenge: Starting in Texas, Pepsi’s bottlers had public blind taste tests to prove that Pepsi tasted better. This marking stunt increased sales significantly. Pepsi gained a 1.4 points lead in food store leads. Coke countered with rebates and renegotiations with franchise bottlers. Coke response by cutting costs (used corn syrup instead of sugar), doubling advertising spending, and selling off most non-CSD business. Diet Coke was introduced to become a phenomenal success. Coke tried to be innovative by changing its formula, but that failed miserably. Coke introduced 11 new products. Pepsi introduced 13 new products. Pepsi emulated most of Coke’s strategic moves. * 1980s: Coke did refranchising bottling operation and created independent bottling subsidiary, Coca-Cola Enterprise (CCE). Pepsi implemented similar anchor bottler model by forming its bottler, Pepsi Bottling Group (PBG). * 1990s: Soft drink industry faced new challenge on stagnant demand. * 2000s: Although Coke and Pepsi encountered obstacle in international operations, including antitrust regulation, price controls, advertising restrictions, foreign exchange control, lack of infrastructure, cultural differences, political instability and local competition, Coke enjoyed a world market share of 51.4% and Pepsi 21.8%. Coke and Pepsi have been very successful and profitable due to their dominance in the soft drink market. In 2004, the Herfindahl Index (HHI) for market concentration ratio is 0.3130. H = (Coke)2 + (Pepsi)2 + (Cadbury)2 + (Cott)2 + (Others)2 = (.431)2 + (.317)2 + (.145)2 + (.55)2 + (.52)2 = 0.3130 This index indicates high concentration with one or two strong players only. Soft drink industry has been so profitable because Americans drink more soda than other beverage. Head-to-head competition between both Coke and Pepsi reinforce brand recognition of each other. Coke and Pepsi devoted spending on marketing, advertisement, innovation, and market expansion. It is a unique industry where Concentrate Producers and Bottlers are two different entities. Concentrate manufacturing process involved little capital investment in machinery, overhead, and labor. Other significant costs were for advertising, promotion, market research, and bottler relations. One plant could serve entire United States. In the other side, the bottling process was capital-intensive and involved high-speed production line. Bottlers also invested in trucks and distribution networks. Bottlers handled merchandising. Bottler’s could also work with other non-cola brands. From the financial data of Coke, Pepsi, CCE, and PBG, concentrate producers are far more profitable than their bottlers. The colossal war between Coke and Pepsi really affected the soft drink industry. It shaped the industry into what it is now. The fact that those two major players has involved in the competition since the very beginning (1950s) is the advantage for them to keep dominating the market and gain brand popularity in US market and international market. Since 1990s, Coke and Pepsi faced new challenge on flattening demand, banned the sales in some US schools, and obstacles in their international operations (regulatory challenges, cultural and any existing competition). Popularity of non-carbonated beverages has also increased. But Coke can Pepsi can sustain their profits in the industry because they are still dominant (no new threats from new competition, no new significant competitors), they have been in the industry long enough to place their brand recognized globally (easy to diversify new product by leveraging their brand), globalization has opened opportunity for them to expand their international market (especially in emerging economies), potential to growth is still high in the emerging market (consumption is still low), and they have diversified into non-carbonated drinks as well as â€Å"diet† drinks (less sugar or zero sugar beverages). In my opinion, Coke and Pepsi need to focus on emerging international market and focus on the innovation to create new products as alternative (non-carbonated, diet, and healthier).

Technology and media-should counterculture be primitive or cutting Essay

Technology and media-should counterculture be primitive or cutting edge(need to elaborate) - Essay Example It assumes that one has to give up something in order to gain another. In this case, for the artist to continue his or her work, he or she has to give up the creative independence and submit to the dictates of corporate hegemony where art lacks the originality and virtuosity that ideally characterizes art but rather seeks for mainstream validation that would make it profitable thus reducing art as a mere business endeavor. Kurt Andersen made an insigthful analysis in his thought provoking article in Vanity Fair on how business corrupts art. He argued that the contemporary artistic phenomenon and those crafted twenty years ago were basically the same in consonance to the commercial art maxim that there is nothing new or original in this universe except the artistic capacity of packaging and delivering old ideas in new forms and formats. Andersen further argued that â€Å"Lady Gaga has replaced Madonna, Adele has replaced Mariah Carey- both distinctions without a real difference†¦ (Andersen 2).† Art then as treated by mainstream media with its corporate funding is gauge not by its â€Å"soul† or social and artistic relevance and value, but rather on its economic value. Taking these arguments at its face value, it seems that these are extreme positions about art where nobody wins. Art by its purist form will inevitably die due to lack of resources or funding to even continue itself while commercializing it will deliberately sacrifice creativity for commercial acceptance and succes. This problematic situation warrants for an exploration of options whereby art can pursue itself by reconciling with mainstrain media without losing its creativity and artistic independence. All is not grim for purist art however. Despite its limited resources and its effort to insulate from the dictate of mainstream media, purist art had success in the recent decades which tells that there is a chance that purist art will be â€Å"embraced by the commercial mainstrea m to a substantial extent (King 1)†. If it does, it means that Indie art can avail of the advantages of technology and resources present in mainstream media without selling or compromising itself. Should mainstream media embrace Indie art, the latter can then capitalize on the exploiting cutting edge options to bolster its USP of creating immense spectacles, forging larger than life creations and take over the mainstream audience with its pricy awe and grandeur. Despite purist art recent success however, the nagging question still remains that art still needs resources to begin with its work. Without the preliminary funding to expose itself to the public, art will not have even a chance to be accepted and have mainstream validation which stresses further the reality if not inevitability of merging pure art with mainstream media. While this may sound advantageous to purist artist, this new position of pure art cohabiting with mainstream media breeds a new set of problem of defe ating the essence of art. Hibbert elaborated on this reservation saying that Indie culture not only offers to its adherents an aesthetic genre they could identify with, but it also facilitates them with a method, exploiting which they could socially differentiate themselves from the mainstream viewership (Hibbett 55). And this distinct aesthetic genre which differentiated purist art from commercial art may be corrupted or even ruined when too much technology is used as afforded by mainstream media in