Top 10 Test-Taking Tips for Students

Top 10 Test-Taking Tips for Students Prepare your students for taking tests by helping them learn these strategies This resource will help students to perform at their best levels during testing situations. Includes strategies such as having a positive attitude, managing their time, reviewing their answers, and many more helpful hints. Updated on: July 12, 2001 Top Ten Test-Taking Tips for StudentsHere are the top ten tips to success! 1. Have a Positive Attitude Approach the big test as you'd approach a giant jigsaw puzzle. It might be tough, but you can do it! A positive attitude goes a long way toward success. 2. Make a Plan The week before the test, ask your teacher what the test is going to cover. Is it from the textbook only? Class notes? Can you use your calculator? If you've been absent, talk to friends about material you may have missed. Make a list of the most important topics to be covered and use that as a guide when you study. Circle items that you know will require extra time. Be sure to plan extra time to study the most challenging topics. 3. The Night Before Cramming doesn't work. If you've followed a study plan, the night before the test you should do a quick review and get to bed early. Remember, your brain and body need sleep to function well, so don't stay up late! 4. The Morning of the Test Did you know that you think better when you have a full stomach? So don't skip breakfast the morning of the test. Get to school early and do a ten-minute power study right before the test, so your brain is turned on and tuned up. 5. Test Time Before the test begins, make sure you have everything you'll need - scratch paper, extra pencils, your calculator (if you're allowed to use it). Understand how the test is scored: Do you lose points for incorrect answers? Or is it better to make guesses when you're not sure of the answer? Read the instructions! You want to make sure you are marking answers correctly. 6. Manage Your Time Scan through the test quickly before starting. Answering the easy questions first can be a time saver and a confidence builder. Plus, it saves more time in the end for yo u to focus on the hard stuff. 7. I'm Stuck! Those tricky problems can knock you off balance. Don't get worried or frustrated. Reread the question to make sure you understand it, and then try to solve it the best way you know how. If you're still stuck, circle it and move on. You can come back to it later. What if you have no idea about the answer? Review your options and make the best guess you can, but only if you don't lose points for wrong answers. 8. Multiple-Choice Questions The process of elimination can help you choose the correct answer in a multiple-choice question. Start by crossing off the answers that couldn't be right. Then spend your time focusing on the possible correct choices before selecting your answer. 9. Neatness Counts If your 4s look like 9s, it could be a problem. Be sure that your writing is legible and that you erase your mistakes. For machine-scored tests, fill in the spaces carefully. 10. I'm Done! Not so fast - when you complete the last item on the test, remember that you're not done yet. First, check the clock and go back to review your answers, making sure that you didn't make any careless mistakes (such as putting the right answer in the wrong place or skipping a question). Spend the last remaining minutes going over the hardest problems before you turn in your test. Follow these test tips, and you'll know you did your best - congratulations!

Colin Kaepernick s Kneeling Protest - 1316 Words

Colin Kaepernick’s Kneeling Protest A big controversial topic going around in the news over the past few weeks has been Colin Kaepernick and his stand to end the hardship for people of color and police brutality in the United States. This silent stand started early this preseason when a number of different events involving people of color and police officers around the United States not getting along. However, this has started to become more publicized as more and more people in the National Football League have been joining in with Colin Kaepernick and taking a knee or sitting during the national anthem. This stand has become way more than a simple silent stand as many people around the nation are starting to voice their opinions on this subject. Even though everyone argues their thoughts on this subject. The president of the United States who is also the commander in chief for the United States military, Obama, has stated that everyone is strongly encouraged to stand during the playing of the countries national anthem. However he continued to say in a press conference with Cable News Network that Colin Kaepernick is exercising his constitutional rights of freedom of speech to do as he wishes during this time (Diaz, 2016). Although the nation is now divided upon whether this act of Colin’s is considered morally ethical or not, everyone has their very own personal preference to what is right. This is a very important subject to discuss because it is important for people toShow MoreRelatedThe National Anthem Essay1703 Words   |  7 PagesIn August of 2016, Kaepernick began his protest during a NFL preseason game where he initially sat during the singing of the national anthem. At the time, his rebellious efforts became unnoticed, but he soon enough made headlines when someone took a photo of him sitting during the anthem. Thus a social issue was born from the public’s reaction from the photo.The negativity of the public’s reaction stemmed from the norm that it is customary that people raise their right hand over their heart whileRead MoreThe Rights Of The National Anthem1257 Words   |  6 Pagescontroversy about football players, and many other athletes kneeling during the â€Å"Star Spangled Banner† to protest against the tragedies happening in America day after day. The First Amendment gives these athletes the privilege to express those rights b y kneeling. People should stand for the national anthem because it is a sign of respect and appreciation for our country. On August 14th, San Francisco 49ers quarterback, Colin Kaepernick made the choice to kneel during the national anthem. His decisionRead MoreThe Importance Of Kneeling During The National Anthem1323 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough as of late, in an obscure manner of protest, many athletes and now fans have been kneeling during the National Anthem. Perhaps no group has more influence of the general public than professional athletes, which has been clearly documented as of late. All of this protest began when Colin Kaepernick, a back-up quarterback for the San Francisco 49ers, kneeled during the National Anthem in the 49er’s first preseason game. Although this form of protest is very peaceful, many people believe it isRead MoreEssay On Kneeling And The National Anthem1401 Words   |  6 Pages Kneeling to the National Anthem On September 21st, Christine Brennan reported Colin Kaepernick’s refusal to stand while the national anthem was being played in National Public Radio’s (NPR) online portal (www.npr.org). All through the National Football League s preseason matches, Colin Kaepernick, a quarterback for the San Francisco 49ers, refused to stand for the national anthem. He clarified that he took this stance to point out what he sees as wrongdoings against African-Americans and differentRead MoreHow Professional Athletes Are Above The Average?1342 Words   |  6 Pageschange in areas that are still living in the 20s and desperately need a change those are the questions I want you to keep in mind while reading my essay everyone has a story and if you haven t got a clue of who s story I m about to tell its because its not going to be a who s story it s going to be a movements story and if you think I m talking about black lives matter you re wrong I m talking about a new movement a new tre nd that one nfl quarterback started and others followed it is a movementRead MoreNational Anthem Persuasive Speech1159 Words   |  5 Pagesto starting the field clears so they could get the flag on the field to do the national anthem. This is when tragic happens. This is when some NFL players kneel during the national anthem. Many people think that protesting the national anthem by kneeling is a bad thing. However, it’s what the players feel like doing even though it is a little disrespectful. Many players kneeled on one day and that was when president Trump made a comment about football. The national anthem pays respect to the peopleRead MoreNational Anthem Persuasive Speech1161 Words   |  5 Pagesthe field clears so they could get the flag on the field to do the national anthem. This is when something tragically happens. This is when some NFL players kneel during the national anthem. Many people think that protesting the national anthem by kneeling is a bad thing. However, it’s what the players feel like doing even though it is a little disrespectful. Many players kneeled on one day and that was when president Trump made a comment about football. The national anthem pays respect to the peopleRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography Essay791 Words   |  4 PagesG; MALCOLM, J. The league`s commissioner says he wants players to stand during the national anthem. CBS This Morning. Retrieved. 6 Dec 2017. â€Å"The national anthem is an important part of our game and there are only.† â€Å"We spent talking about the issues players are trying to bring attention to, issues in our communities, to make our communities better.† First Paragraph Boren, Cindy, Adam Kilgore. â€Å"After Trump Renews Call for NFL Players to Stand for Anthem, Protests Continue Sunday.† The WashingtonRead MoreA Leader Is More Than A Messenger904 Words   |  4 Pagesthe opinion of their fans which is not usually heard. Smith’s opinion is well written throughout her article, She bases her opinion on facts, writes about surveys conducted and explains the results. The article goes into detail about Smith’s own protest against standing during the National Anthem. It states she is a division II athlete and she isn’t interested in the attention in which she got for her actions. Smith believes everyone should have their own voice and they should have the right to expressRead MoreProfessional Athletes Should Be Socially And Politically Responsible1594 Words   |  7 Pagesathletes should or should not share their views on things â€Å"bigger than sports†.This has been missing from professional sports in recent decades but is now slowly once again becoming relevant. The presidency of Donald Trump along with Colin Kaepernick’s taking a knee to protest the national anthem are the two main reasons for the players to start making stands and the bringing back of a debate. The argument today is mostly made throughout social media, but the argument stays the same. Professional athletes

The Major Problems Associated with Rapid Urbanization Essay

Urbanization- Extended Study The definition of an urban area changes from country to country. In general, there are no standards, and each country develops its own set of criteria for distinguishing cities or urban areas. A city is generally defined as a political unit, i.e., a place organized and governed by an administrative body. A way of defining a city or an urban area is by the number of residents. Define- Urbanization Urbanization is the concentration of human populations into isolated areas, leading to transformation of land into residential, industrial, commercial and transportation purposes. Global Perspective- The urbanization process refers to much more than simple population magnification; it involves vicissitudes in the†¦show more content†¦Rapid urbanization in Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs) is causing many quandaries. Many incipient migrants to cities in LEDCs cannot afford housing. They are coerced to build ephemeral accommodation in spontaneous settlements. Rio de Janerio, Brazils most sizably voluminous settlements, contains a population of approximately 11.7 million people. Natural Increase is one reason for its magnification (this is when the birth rate is higher than the death rate). The population has withal grown as the result of urbanization. This has been caused by rural to urban migration. Millions of people have migrated from Brazils rural areas to Rio de Janeiro. 65% of urban magnification is a result of migration. These are caused by a variety of push and pull factors. The rapid magnification of Rio de Janeiros population has led to an astringent shortage of housing. As the Fig1 suggests, from 1980 to 1995, South Asia’s urban population grew over 4%, East Asia and the Pacific’s over 10%, Sub Saharan Africa over 8%, Middle East and North Africa over 9%, Europe and Central Asia over 7%, Latin America and Caribbean over 9%, and high Income countries over 3%. This number kept increasing as the years passed by, due to rapid urbanization. National Perspective- There are various problems that occur due to urbanization. Coming from India, I have noted a few of these. Firstly, disintegration of joint families due to high cost of living, people prefer to live in nuclear familiesShow MoreRelatedUrban Population And Urban Development Essay1587 Words   |  7 Pagesrural to urban areas (Rui, 2013). This movement of people into major towns and cities of the world has been observed worldwide but at different extent. However, rapid urban growth/sprawl also causes problems. The increasing population observed is inevitable; therefore the solution to urban problems depends essentially on effective planning, infrastructural management and development. According to the 2011 revision of world urbanization prospects (United Nations, 2012), the world’s urban populationRead More Urbanization in Africa Essays1090 Words   |  5 PagesUrbanization is the movement from a rural society to an urban society, and involves a growth in the number of people i n urban areas. Urban growth is increasing in both the developed but mostly in the developing countries. Urbanization is associated with the problems of unemployment, poverty, bad health, poor cleanliness, urban slums environmental deprivation. This causes a very big problem for these developing countries and who are some of poorest countries. Africa urbanization is not as big asRead MoreUrbanization Of Urbanization During The 19th Century1374 Words   |  6 PagesUrbanization is the growth of population in urban areas. The rapid growth of urbanization was due to the fact that people wanted to move to urban settings from rural areas because they wanted to have a more comfortable life, higher salary, and better education. In 1790, ninety-five percent of American’s lived in rural areas and the remaining five percent were urban. Urbanization in the Western world began with the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th century. Since urbanization is importantRead MoreRural Urba n Migration Is An Inevitable Component Of The Development Process1548 Words   |  7 PagesThe phenomenon of rapid urbanization in less developed countries and in the absence of extensive industrialization, led to the emergence of illegal settlements and shanty towns, discuss the relationship between urbanization, poverty and development; and use a case study to illustrate the effects of rapid urbanization in LDC’s. Rural-urban migration occurs at varying rates in every country. This paper focuses on the process of rural-urban migration and its influence on urbanization in developing countriesRead MoreThe Stages of Industrialization1041 Words   |  4 PagesIndustrialization refers to a stage of social and economic transformation that alters a group or society from an agrarian one into an industrial society (Sullivan Sheffrin, 2003). Industrialization is associated with progress in the production of metallurgy and energy opening up the economy for manufacturing. It occurs as a broad process of modernizing in a society such that economic change and social change become strongly related to the technological innovations. It also brings with it a kindRead MoreThe Construction Of The British Indian Urban Scene1448 Words   |  6 Pagestimes. So the rate of migration was very low. But due to degradation in village agrarian system, old chains began to break and process of migration to cities started in search of livelihoods. The nature of urbanization process changed with the arrival of the British East India Company. The major contributions of the British to the Indian urban scene were: the Establishment of three metropolitan port cities of Mumbai (Bombay), Kolkata (Calcutta) and Chennai (Madras) Beginning of a chain of hill stationsRead MoreThe Effects Of Water Coverage On Urban Areas Of Developing Countries1746 Words   |  7 PagesCoverage in Urban Areas Access to improved water in urban areas of developing countries is worrying since it has steadily declined over time (Kayaga et al, 2007). So far, investment in the urban water supply does not reflect a formula that matches the rapid urban population growth. Most water supply infrastructure is aging. For instance in Nairobi, many of the capital’s water pipes were laid down before independence in 1963 and are now worn out, hence leading to a loss of about 50% of water (Moraa, 2012)Read MoreEconomic Development Of Japan During World War II994 Words   |  4 Pagesdecades, Japan has experienced a rapid growth with various problems associated with urbanization. Japan has also been facing declining birthrate, aging population, poverty, and overcoming deflation. Urbanization has enabled economic growth but it has contributed to climate change, pollution, congestion, and the growth of slums. Also Social and Economic development cannot be achieved without addressing global warming an d other environmental issues. Due to these problems, Japan has passed several lawsRead MoreThe Municipal Water And Water Quality1534 Words   |  7 Pagesusing 360 liters of water per today. The demand for water is increasing, and often different interests have conflicting demands. In developed areas of Canada, pollution has significantly impaired the natural quality of the resource. Increasing urbanization, together with inadequate infrastructures for water treatment, is leading to concerns about the quality of the water we consume. Access to safe, water quality is a crucial issue for Canadians. In a word, this paper examines all possible influencingRead MoreEffects of Urbanization890 Words   |  4 PagesUrbanization can be defined as the physical growth of population increasing in urban areas. By 2050, it is predicted that 64.1% and 85.9% of the developing and developed world respectively will be urbanized, compared to 1800 where only about 2% of the world’s population lived in urban areas (Urbanization). Urbanization is necessary to sustain growth in developing countries. Urbanization changes the social and environmental landscape across the globe. The increase in world population has tripled

Plain People Free Essays

In this way, we can really see that after her amiss experience, Charlotte was a typical occidental â€Å"18-year-old girl† she was lazy, always grabbing a new technology stuff and only interested in fashion. Whereas now, after the experience, she is a whole new person with a whole new view about the world surrounding her, she starts helping her parents, only bye useless things and appreciate life for Its true meaning. 3- After the experience of Charlotte in the amiss community, she became a complete another responsible person. We will write a custom essay sample on Plain People or any similar topic only for you Order Now During her 6 weeks shove learnt the true meaning of life as explained above. Nowadays, her project is to became amiss but also to became a better person in the society and in her family. 4) Jones Family 4, Smith road Midfielder, OHIO First of all, I hope that you’re well. For my part, I’m missing you like hell and I ‘m nowadays considering you as my second family. I don’t think you can imagine how much my stay wire you changed me and my relation to the world. Before, Before eating you, I was the stereotype of the pathetic occidental 18-year-old girl who only take care of her. Today, I’m totally different , Eve a whole new vision of our world , I help my parents, and take care of them and of everyone who needs it. I’m really mature now, ‘feel useful in the society. And you’re the cause of all this thanks to the fact that you helped me open my eyes and SE the worlds as it ‘s truly. Thinks I would miss Cell phone- Parties- Internet-Faceable- Mainstream- Twitter- Watchstrap- Modern way of remonstration- Music Freedom-Modern Clothes. Again, I hope all is well with you. And let me know if you ever need anything. I all miss you tons, you’re my second family! Have a fun time, and stay safe. Please write back when you get this. I’d love to hear all about how everything is going. Sincerely, Charlotte Allison 5) In the case of being separated from these things, ‘would probably get mad because my whole life turn’s around them, but I will need to adapt myself to this new woof living to find new hobbies. How to cite Plain People, Papers

Symbolism from Exodus 19 Nature of God free essay sample

Explain The Symbolism About The Nature Of God From Exodus 19 Hick described the epistemic distance between God and the Jews. Moses was allowed in Gods presence; hence he is esteemed as a very special prophet who is specifically chosen by God. All Jews respect the commandments which come directly from God and members of Orthodoxy believe that they are absolutely inerrant. They would see any ostensible contradictions in the Torah as beyond human comprehension but humans are expected to have faith and accept them. The books Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus and Deuteronomy are, according to Orthodox Jews, the ord of God through direct divine revelation. The scholar Paul Johnson, described the prophet Moses as being a great conduit. A conduit being a means by which something is transmitted or led and Jews believe that Moses is the channel through which Gods laws come and this is a direct reference to God rescuing the Israelites from slavery in the land of Egypt. We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolism from Exodus 19: Nature of God or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In this story, Gods powerful imagery can be seen and this story is found in the Torah in Exdous 19 and Jews are reminded of this story every week on Shabbat. When the children of Israel were gone forth out of the land of Egypt. This shows that the Jews have been led out of Egypt as a saved nation which has seen Gods compassion and hesed (steadfast love. ) This is an example of Gods care and love for his people and of what German theologians would refer to as Heilegeschichte meaning salvation history. The salvation history of God saving his people in the Exodus is pivotal in showing that the nature of God is an interventionist God and a God of Justice. Gods love can be seen further in psalm 136 in which the refrain his steadfast love endures forever is repeated 26 times. God is shown as a God of rescue nd redemption and here Jews learn that they should go to God in times of difficulty and ask him for help and he will rescue them because he loves them and sees them as an elect nation as shown in the doctrine of election in which God says to the Jews, l choose you. Exodus 19 describes the Jews being in a wilderness where they are displaced and they can be seen as diaspora people. Gods nature as a God of protection is shown in that Gods presence became visible by a pillar of cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night. These natural forms of portraying God are excellent examples of theophany as God has a constant presence in the lives of His people and this theophany reveals His majesty and grace. In Exodus 19 it says, the same day came into the wilderness of Sinai. This quotation describes the location as being Sinai. However it is argued that the place in which these events took place was on Mount Horeb and the mountain on which Moses received the commandments was called Sinai. There is a scholarly dispute concerning which is the correct term to use. Exodus 19 also says that Moses went up unto God and the Lord called unto him out God is higher, a symbol of sovereignty and majesty. The text says that the Lord called unto him (Moses) which is symbolic of Moses being the one who is chosen by God to receive the Torah through direct, divine revelation and pass it onto the Jews. Here, God can be seen as a having a powerful authority and he shows his authority through Moses. Exodus 19 contains symbolism about the nature of God as an intervensionist God who loves his people and rescues his people as shown by the words Ye have seen what I did unto the Egyptians and how I bare you on Eagles wings and brought you to myself. Gods reference to the escape from Egypt and of His rescue and redemption f His people is yet another reference to the Heilegeschichte. The fact that God did all this for the Jews means that they should listen to him and fulfill his divine will. The image of eagles wings portrays God as a caring God and shows Gods immense care for his people and his immanence. God is shown as a particularist God who singles the Jews out a special nation in Exodus 19 when he says that the Jews will be a particular treasure for (him) and he emphasizes this further by saying that the whole Earth is mine but you (the Jews) will be unto me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation. By saying that the entire universe elongs to Him, God is showing His own omnipotence. This inter-relates with the fact that picking out the Jews as extra special people is called the Doctrine Of Election and it is the reason why Jews believe that they are the chosen people. Holy in Hebrew is called kdsh and its literal translation is set apart or other meaning that in this covenant there is a direct command from God that Jews will have to be different in their behaviour and attributes. This is clearly demonstrated in certain Jewish rituals, such as the weekly festival of Shabbat and in observances such as the food laws, Kashrut. If asked to Justify this behaviour to non Jews they can look to this Covenant as an explanation that: God said that they had to do this. After this, in Exodus 19, God told Moses to tell the others to wash themselves, symbolic of the importance of ritual purity. All the people who were gathered suddenly wanted to wash themselves, a reference to the book of Isaiah which talks about unclean lips. The text also says do not go near a woman which has sparked controversy with modern day Jewish feminists who believe that this might suggest that the Covenant is male dominated. This has been highlighted in Judith PlastoWs ook of Standing again at Sinai. Finally, the nature of God in Exodus 19 is symbolized as thunder and lightning. God said to Moses to wait until the third day, on this day there were thunders and lightning, and a thick cloud upon the Mount. All of this is evidence of Gods theophany and his divine presence and immanence. Moses was given the mitzvoth on beautiful tablets of lapis lazuli which is a blue semi precious stone in order for the people to be given a guide by which to live. The beautiful and precious t ablets can be seen to be a symbol of Gods precious words which are direct divine and revelation

World War I - Middle East and Africa Campaigns

World War I - Middle East and Africa Campaigns As World War I descended across Europe in August 1914, it also saw fighting erupt across the colonial empires of the belligerents. These conflicts typically involved smaller forces and with one exception resulted in the defeat and capture of Germanys colonies. Also, as the fighting on the Western Front stagnated in to trench warfare, the Allies sought secondary theaters for striking at the Central Powers. Many of these targeted the weakened Ottoman Empire and saw the spread of fighting to Egypt and the Middle East. In the Balkans, Serbia, who had played a key role in starting of the conflict, was ultimately overwhelmed leading to a new front in Greece. War Comes to the Colonies Formed in early 1871, Germany was a later comer to the competition for empire. As a result, the new nation was forced to direct its colonial efforts towards the less preferred parts of Africa and the islands of the Pacific. While German merchants began operations in Togo, Kamerun (Cameroon), South-West Africa (Namibia), and East Africa (Tanzania), others were planting colonies in Papua, Samoa, as well as the Caroline, Marshall, Solomon, Mariana, and Bismarck Islands. In addition, the port of Tsingtao was taken from the Chinese in 1897. With the outbreak of war in Europe, Japan elected to declare war on Germany citing its obligations under the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of 1911. Moving quickly, Japanese troops seized the Marianas, Marshalls, and Carolines. Transferred to Japan after the war, these islands became a key part of its defensive ring during World War II. While the islands were being captured, a 50,000-man force was dispatched to Tsingtao. Here they conducted a classic siege with the aid of British forces and took the port on November 7, 1914. Far to the south, Australian and New Zealand forces captured Papua and Samoa. Battling for Africa While the German position in the Pacific was quickly swept away, their forces in Africa mounted a more vigorous defense. Though Togo was swiftly taken on August 27, British and French forces encountered difficulties in Kamerun. Though possessing greater numbers, the Allies were hampered by distance, topography, and climate. While initial efforts to capture the colony failed, a second campaign took the capital at Douala on September 27. Delayed by weather and enemy resistance, the final German outpost at Mora was not taken until February 1916. In South-West Africa, British efforts were slowed by the need to put down a Boer revolt before crossing the border from South Africa. Attacking in January 1915, South African forces advanced in four columns on the German capital at Windhoek. Taking the town on May 12, 1915, they compelled the colonys unconditional surrender two months later. The Last Holdout Only in German East Africa was the war to last the duration. Though the governors of East Africa and British Kenya wished to observe a pre-war understanding exempting Africa from hostilities, those within their borders clamored for war. Leading the German Schutztruppe (colonial defense force) was Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck. A veteran imperial campaigner, Lettow-Vorbeck embarked on a remarkable campaign which saw him repeatedly defeat larger Allied forces. Utilizing African soldiers known as askiris, his command lived off the land and conducted an ongoing guerilla campaign. Tying down increasingly large numbers of British troops, Lettow-Vorbeck suffered several reverses in 1917 and 1918, but was never captured. The remnants of his command finally surrendered after the armistice on November 23, 1918, and Lettow-Vorbeck returned to Germany a hero. The Sick Man at War On August 2, 1914, the Ottoman Empire, long known as the Sick Man of Europe for its declining power, concluded an alliance with Germany against Russia. Long courted by Germany, the Ottomans had worked to re-equip their army with German weapons and used the Kaisers military advisors. Utilizing the German battlecruiser Goeben and light cruiser Breslau, both of which had been transferred to Ottoman control after escaping British pursuers in the Mediterranean, Minister of War Enver Pasha ordered naval attacks against Russian ports on October 29. As a result, Russia declared war on November 1, followed by Britain and France four days later. With the beginning of hostilities, General Otto Liman von Sanders, Ever Pashas chief German advisor, expected the Ottomans to attack north into the Ukrainian plains. Instead, Ever Pasha elected to assault Russia through the mountains of the Caucasus. In this area the Russians advanced first gaining ground as the Ottoman commanders did not wish to attack in the severe winter weather. Angered, Ever Pasha took direct control and was badly defeated in the Battle of Sarikamis in December 1914/January 1915. To the south, the British, concerned about ensuring the Royal Navys access to Persian oil, landed the 6th Indian Division at Basra on November 7. Taking the city, it advanced to secure Qurna. The Gallipoli Campaign Contemplating the Ottoman entry into the war, First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill developed a plan for attacking the Dardanelles. Using the ships of the Royal Navy, Churchill believed, partially due to faulty intelligence, that the straits could be forced, opening the way for a direct assault on Constantinople. Approved, the Royal Navy had three attacks on the straits turned back in February and early March 1915. A massive assault on March 18 also failed with the loss of three older battleships. Unable to penetrate the Dardanelles due to Turkish mines and artillery, the decision was made to land troops on the Gallipoli Peninsula to remove the threat (Map). Entrusted to General Sir Ian Hamilton, the operation called for landings at Helles and farther north at Gaba Tepe. While the troops at Helles were to push north, the Australia and New Zealand Army Corps was to push east and prevent the retreat of the Turkish defenders. Going ashore on April 25, Allied forces took heavy losses and failed to achieve their objectives. Battling on Gallipolis mountainous terrain, Turkish forces under Mustafa Kemal held the line and fighting stalemated into trench warfare. On August 6, a third landing at Sulva Bay was also contained by the Turks. After a failed offensive in August, fighting quieted as the British debated strategy (Map). Seeing no other recourse, the decision was made to evacuate Gallipoli and the last Allied troops departed on January 9, 1916. Mesopotamia Campaign In Mesopotamia, British forces successfully repelled an Ottoman attack at Shaiba on April 12, 1915. Having been reinforced, the British commander, General Sir John Nixon, ordered Major General Charles Townshend to advance up the Tigris River to Kut and, if possible, Baghdad. Reaching Ctesiphon, Townshend encountered an Ottoman force under Nureddin Pasha on November 22. After five days of inconclusive fighting, both sides withdrew. Retreating to Kut-al-Amara, Townshend was followed by Nureddin Pasha who laid siege to the British force on December 7. Several attempts were made to lift the siege in early 1916 with no success and Townshend surrendered on April 29 (Map). Unwilling to accept defeat, the British dispatched Lieutenant General Sir Fredrick Maude to retrieve the situation. Reorganizing and reinforcing his command, Maude began a methodical offensive up the Tigris on December 13, 1916. Repeatedly outmaneuvering the Ottomans, he retook Kut and pressed towards Baghdad. Defeating Ottoman forces along the Diyala River, Maude captured Baghdad on March 11, 1917. Maude then halted in the city to reorganize his supply lines and avoid the summer heat. Dying of cholera in November, he was replaced by General Sir William Marshall. With troops being diverted from his command to expand operations elsewhere, Marshall slowly pushed towards to the Ottoman base at Mosul. Advancing towards the city, it was finally occupied on November 14, 1918, two weeks after the Armistice of Mudros ended hostilities. Defense of the Suez Canal As Ottoman forces campaigned in the Caucasus and Mesopotamia, they also began moving to strike at the Suez Canal. Closed by the British to enemy traffic at the start of the war, the canal was a key line of strategic communication for the Allies. Though Egypt was still technically part of the Ottoman Empire, it had been under British administration since 1882 and was rapidly filling with British and Commonwealth troops. Moving through the desert wastes of the Sinai Peninsula, Turkish troops under General Ahmed Cemal and his German chief of staff Franz Kress von Kressenstein attacked the canal area on February 2, 1915. Alerted to their approach, British forces drove off the attackers after two days of fighting. Though a victory, the threat to the canal forced the British to leave a stronger garrison in Egypt than intended. Into the Sinai For over a year the Suez front remained quiet as fighting raged at Gallipoli and in Mesopotamia. In the summer of 1916, von Kressenstein made another attempt on the canal. Advancing across the Sinai, he met a well-prepared British defense led by General Sir Archibald Murray. In the resulting  Battle of Romani  on August 3-5, the British forced the Turks to retreat. Going over the offensive, the British pushed across Sinai, building a railroad and water pipeline as they went. Winning battles at  Magdhaba  and  Rafa, they were ultimately stopped by the Turks at the First Battle of Gaza in March 1917 (Map). When a second attempt to take the city failed in April, Murray was sacked in favor of General Sir Edmund Allenby. Palestine Reorganizing his command, Allenby commenced the  Third Battle of Gaza  on October 31. Flanking the Turkish line at Beersheba, he won decisive victory. On Allenbys flank were the Arab forces guided by  Major T.E. Lawrence  (Lawrence of Arabia) who had previously captured the port of Aqaba. Dispatched to Arabia in 1916, Lawrence successfully worked to foment unrest among the Arabs who then revolted against Ottoman rule. With the Ottomans in retreat, Allenby rapidly pushed north, taking Jerusalem on December 9 (Map). Thought the British wished to deliver a death blow to the Ottomans in early 1918, their plans were undone by the beginning of the German  Spring Offensives  on the Western Front. The bulk of Allenbys veteran troops were transferred west to aid in blunting the German assault. As a result, much of the spring and summer was consumed rebuilding his forces from newly recruited troops. Ordering the Arabs to harass the Ottoman rear, Allenby opened the  Battle of Megiddo  on September 19. Shattering an Ottoman army under von Sanders, Allenbys men rapidly advanced and captured Damascus on October 1. Though their southern forces had been destroyed, the government in Constantinople refused to surrender and continued the fight elsewhere. Fire in the Mountains In the wake of the victory at Sarikamis, command of Russian forces in the Caucasus was given to General Nikolai Yudenich. Pausing to reorganize his forces, he embarked on an offensive in May 1915. This was aided by an Armenian revolt at Van which had erupted the previous month. While one wing of the attack succeeded in relieving Van, the other was halted after advancing through the Tortum Valley towards Erzurum. Exploiting the success at Van and with Armenian guerillas striking the enemy rear, Russian troops secured Manzikert on May 11. Due to the Armenian activity, the Ottoman government passed the Tehcir Law calling for the forced relocation of Armenians from the area. Subsequent Russian efforts during the summer were fruitless and Yudenich took the fall to rest and reinforce. In January, Yudenich returned to the attack winning the Battle of Koprukoy and driving on Erzurum. Taking the city in March, Russian forces captured Trabzon the following month and began pushing south towards Bitlis. Pressing on, both Bitlis and Mush were taken. These gains were short-lived as Ottoman forces under Mustafa Kemal recaptured both later that summer. The lines stabilized through the fall as both sides recuperated from the campaigning. Though the Russian command wished to renew the assault in 1917, social and political unrest at home prevented this. With the outbreak of the Russian Revolution, Russian forces began withdrawing on the Caucasus front and eventually evaporated away. Peace was achieved through the  Treaty of Brest-Litovsk  in which Russia ceded territory to the Ottomans. The Fall of Serbia While fighting raged on the major fronts of the war in 1915, most of the year was relatively quiet in Serbia. Having successfully fended off an Austro-Hungarian invasion in late-1914, Serbia desperately worked to rebuild its battered army though it lacked the manpower to do so effectively. Serbias situation changed dramatically late in the year when following Allied defeats at Gallipoli and Gorlice-Tarnow, Bulgaria joined the Central Powers and mobilized for war on September 21. On October 7, German and Austro-Hungarian forces renewed the assault on Serbia with Bulgaria attacking four days later. Badly outnumbered and under pressure from two directions, the Serbian army was forced to retreat. Falling back to the southwest, the Serbian army conducted a long march to Albania but remained intact (Map). Having anticipated the invasion, the Serbs had begged for the Allies to send aid. Developments in Greece Due to variety of factors, this could only be routed through the neutral Greek port of Salonika. While proposals for opening a secondary front at Salonika had been discussed by the Allied high command earlier in the war, they had been dismissed as a waste of resources. This view changed on September 21 when Greek Prime Minister Eleutherios Venizelos advised the British and French that if they sent 150,000 men to Salonika, he could bring Greece into the war on the Allied side. Though quickly dismissed by the pro-German King Constantine, Venizelos plan led to the arrival of Allied troops at Salonika on October 5. Led by French General Maurice Sarrail, this force was able to provide little aid to the retreating Serbians The Macedonian Front As the Serbian army was evacuated to Corfu, Austrian forces occupied much of Italian-controlled Albania. Believing the war in the region lost, the British expressed a desire to withdraw their troops from Salonika. This met with protests from the French and the British unwillingly remained. Building a massive fortified camp around the port, the Allies were soon joined by the remnants of the Serbian army. In Albania, an Italian force was landed in the south and made gains in the country south of Lake Ostrovo. Expanding the front out from Salonika, the Allies held a small German-Bulgarian offensive in August and counterattacked on September 12. Achieving some gains, Kaymakchalan and Monastir were both taken (Map). As Bulgarian troops crossed the Greek border into Eastern Macedonia, Venizelos and officers from the Greek Army launched a coup against the king. This resulted in a royalist government in Athens and a Venizelist government at Salonika which controlled much of northern Greece. Offensives in Macedonia Idle through much of 1917, Sarrails  Armee d Orient  took control of all of Thessaly and occupied the Isthmus of Corinth. These actions led to the exile of the king on June 14 and united the country under Venizelos who mobilized the army to support the Allies. In May 18, General Adolphe Guillaumat, who had replaced Sarrail, attacked and captured Skra-di-Legen. Recalled to aid in stopping the German Spring Offensives, he was replaced with General Franchet dEsperey. Wishing to attack, dEsperey opened the Battle of Dobro Pole on September 14 (Map). Largely facing Bulgarian troops whose morale was low, the Allies made swift gains though the British took heavy losses at Doiran. By September 19, the Bulgarians were in full retreat. On September 30, the day after the fall of Skopje and under internal pressure, the Bulgarians were granted the Armistice of Solun which took them out of the war. While dEsperey pushed north and over the Danube, British forces turned east to attack an undefended Constantinople. With British troops approaching the city, the Ottomans signed the Armistice of Mudros on October 26. Poised to strike into the Hungarian heartland, dEsperey was approached by Count Krolyi, the head of the Hungarian government, about the terms for an armistice. Traveling to Belgrade, Krolyi signed an armistice on November 10.

Biography of William Shakespeare, Famous Playwright

Biography of William Shakespeare, Famous Playwright William Shakespeare (April 23, 1564–April 23, 1616) wrote at least 37 plays and 154 sonnets, which are considered among the most important and enduring ever written. Although the plays have captured the imagination of theatergoers for centuries, some historians claim that Shakespeare didn’t actually write them. Amazingly, little is known about Shakespeare’s life. Even though he is the world’s most famous and popular playwright, historians have had to fill in the gaps between the handful of surviving records from Elizabethan times. Fast Facts: William Shakespeare Known For: One of historys most famous playwrights, who wrote at least 37 plays, which are still studied and performed to this day, as well as 154 sonnets, which are also highly regardedAlso Known As: The BardBorn: April 23, 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon,  EnglandParents: John Shakespeare, Mary ArdenDied: April 23, 1616 in Stratford-upon-AvonPublished Works: Romeo and Juliet (1594–1595), A Midsummer Night’s Dream (1595–1596), Much Ado About Nothing (1598–1599), Henry V (1598–1599), Hamlet 1600–1601, King Lear (1605–1606), Macbeth ( 1605–1606), The Tempest (1611–1612)Awards and Honors: After Shakespeares death, a funerary monument was erected to honor him at Holy Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he is buried. It depicts a half-effigy of The Bard in the act of writing. Numerous statues and monuments have been erected around the world to honor the playwright.Spouse: Anne Hathaway (m.  Nov. 28, 1582–April 23, 1616)Children: Susanna, Judith and Hamnet (twins)Notable Quote: All the worlds a stage, and all the men and women merely players: they have their exits and their entrances; and one man in his time plays many parts, his acts being seven ages. Early Years Shakespeare was probably born on April 23, 1564, but this date is an educated guess because we only have a record of his baptism three days later. His parents, John Shakespeare and Mary Arden, were successful townsfolk who moved to a large house in Henley Street, Stratford-upon-Avon, from the surrounding villages. His father became a wealthy town official and his mother was from an important, respected family. It is widely assumed that Shakespeare attended the local grammar school where he would have studied Latin, Greek, and classical literature. His early education must have made a huge impact on him because many of his plots draw on the classics. Shakespeare’s Family At age 18, on November 28, 1582, Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway from Shottery, who was already pregnant with their first daughter. The wedding would have been arranged quickly to avoid the shame of having a child born out of wedlock. Shakespeare fathered three children, Susanna, born in May 1583 but conceived out of wedlock, and Judith and Hamnet, twins who were born in February 1585. Hamnet died in 1596 at age 11. Shakespeare was devastated by the death of his only son, and it is argued that Hamlet, written four years later, is evidence of this. Theater Career At some point in the late 1580s, Shakespeare made the four-day ride to London, and by 1592 had established himself as a writer. In 1594, an event occurred that changed the course of literary history: Shakespeare joined Richard Burbage’s acting company and became its chief playwright for the next two decades. Here, Shakespeare was able to hone his craft, writing for a regular group of performers. Shakespeare also worked as an actor in the theater company, although the lead roles were always reserved for Burbage himself. The company became very successful and often performed in front of the Queen of England, Elizabeth I. In 1603, James I ascended the throne and granted his royal patronage to Shakespeare’s company, which became known as The King’s Men. Shakespeare the Gentleman Like his father, Shakespeare had excellent business sense. He bought the largest house in Stratford-upon-Avon by 1597, owned shares in the Globe Theater,  and profited from some real estate deals near Stratford-upon-Avon in 1605. Before long, Shakespeare officially became a gentleman, partly due to his own wealth and partly due to inheriting a coat of arms from his father who died in 1601. Later Years and Death Shakespeare retired to Stratford in 1611 and lived comfortably off his wealth for the rest of his life. In his will, he bequeathed most of his properties to Susanna, his eldest daughter, and some actors from The King’s Men. Famously, he left his wife his â€Å"second-best bed† before he died on April 23, 1616. (This date is an educated guess because we only have a record of his burial two days later). If you visit Holy Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon, you can still view his grave and read his epitaph engraved into the stone: Good friend, for Jesus sake forbearTo dig the dust enclosed here.Blessed be the man that spares these stones,And cursed be he that moves my bones. Legacy More than 400 years after his death, Shakespeares plays and sonnets still hold a special place in theaters, libraries, and schools around the world. His plays and sonnets have been performed in nearly every major language on every continent, notes Greg Timmons writing on Biography.com. In addition to the legacy of his plays and sonnets, many of the words and phrases Shakespeare created infuse dictionaries today and are embedded in modern English, including these sayings from some of his plays: All that glitters isnt gold (The Merchant of Venice)Alls well that ends well (Alls Well that Ends Well)To be-all and the end-all (Macbeth)Break the ice (The Taming of the Shrew)We have seen better days (As You Like It)Brave new world (The Tempest)Brevity is the soul of wit (Hamlet)Cruel to be kind (Hamlet)Its Greek to me (Julius Caesar)Something wicked this way comes (Macbeth)Star-crossed lovers (Romeo and Juliet)Wild-goose chase (Romeo and Juliet)The world is my oyster (The Merry Wives of Windsor) Few writers, poets, and playwrights- and Shakespeare was all three- have had the influence on culture and learning that Shakespeare has. With luck, his plays and sonnets may still be revered and studied four centuries from now. Sources â€Å"IWonder - William Shakespeare: The Life and Legacy of Englands Bard.†Ã‚  BBC.â€Å"Shakespeares Words Phrases.†Ã‚  Shakespeare Birthplace Trust.Timmons, Greg. â€Å"William Shakespeares 400th Anniversary: The Life Legacy of The Bard.†Ã‚  Biography.com, AE Networks Television, 2 Nov. 2018.â€Å"Who Was William Shakespeare? Everything You Need to Know.†Ã‚  Childhood, Life Achievements Timeline, thefamouspeople.com.â€Å"William Shakespeare Quotes.†Ã‚  BrainyQuote, Xplore.